Chapter 1:

• The Database Environment

 Database System
 Thomas Connally and Carolyn Begg

Modern DB Management
red Mc Fadden, Jeffry A Hoffer, and
Merry Prescot
 •Objectives
 Definition of terms
 Explain growth and importance of databases
 Name limitations of conventional file

processing
 Identify categories of databases
 Explain advantages of databases
 Identify costs and risks of databases
 List components of database environment
 Describe evolution of database systems

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 •Definitions
 Database: organized collection of logically
related data
 Data: stored representations of meaningful

objects and events

 Structured: numbers, text, dates
 Unstructured: images, video, documents

 Information: data processed to increase

knowledge in the person using the data
 Metadata: data that describes the

properties and context of user data

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 • Figure 1-1a Data in Context

• Context helps users

understand data
• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems
 • Graphical displays turn data into
useful information that managers
can use for decision making and
interpretation
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 • Descriptions of the properties or
characteristics of the data, including data
types, field sizes, allowable values, and
data context
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 • File Processing Systems

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•Disadvantages of File Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Duplication of Data
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
data
 Limited Data Sharing
 No centralized control of data
 Lengthy Development Times
 Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance
 80% of of information systems budget

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 • Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must
maintain their own data
 Each application program needs to

include code for the metadata of each file

 Each application program must have its

own processing routines for reading,

inserting, updating and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

• Figure 1-2 Three file processing systems at Pine
Valley Furniture
• Duplica
te Data

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 • Problems with Data
Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate
data
Causes more maintenance

headaches
The biggest problem:
 When data changes in one file,
could cause inconsistencies
 Compromises data integrity
• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems
SOLUTION:
•The DATABASE Approach
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling

agent
Stored in a standardized,

convenient form

• Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 Database Management System
 A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
provide controlled access to user databases

• DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

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 •Elements of the Database
Approach
 Enterprise Data Model
 Graphical model showing high-level entities and
relationships for the organization
 Relational Databases
 Database technology involving tables (relations)
representing entities and primary/foreign keys
representing relationships
 Use of Internet Technology
 Networks and telecommunications, distributed databases,
client-server and 3-tier architectures
 Database Applications
 Application programs used to perform database activities
(create, read, update, and delete) for database users

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

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 • One customer may
place many orders, but
each order is placed by
a single customer
 One-to-many
relationship

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 • One order has many order
lines; each order line is
associated with a single order
 One-to-many relationship

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 • One product can be in many
order lines, each order line
refers to a single product
 One-to-many relationship

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 • Therefore, one order involves
many products and one product
is involved in many orders
 Many-to-many relationship

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• Relationships established in special columns that provide links between tables

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• Client/server
system
architecture

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 • Application program functions:
• inserting new data, updating existing data,
• deleting existing data, reading data for display
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• Figure 1-9 Workgroup database with local area network

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

• Figure 1-10
An enterprise
data
warehouse

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 Components of the
• Database Environment
 CASE Tools – computer-aided software engineering
 Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata
 Database Management System (DBMS) – software for

managing the database

 Database – storehouse of the data
 Application Programs – software using the data
 User Interface – text and graphical displays to users
 Data Administrators – personnel responsible for

maintaining the database

 System Developers – personnel responsible for

designing databases and software

 End Users – people who use the applications and

databases

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• Figure 1-11
Components
of the
database
environment

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 •Evolution of DB Systems
 Flatfiles - 1960s - 1980s
 Hierarchical – 1970s - 1990s
 Network – 1970s - 1990s
 Relational – 1980s - present
 Object-oriented – 1990s - present
 Object-relational – 1990s - present
 Data warehousing – 1980s - present
 Web-enabled – 1990s - present

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems

 •Summary
 Definition of terms
 Explain growth and importance of

databases
 Name limitations of conventional file

processing
 Identify categories of databases
 Explain advantages of databases
 Identify costs and risks of databases
 List components of database

environment
 Describe evolution of database systems
• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems
 •Tasks to Do
 Read the Chapter 1
 Do related exercises of the Chapter

 Get ready for Quiz any time

 Finalize your project groups and project leaders and

also group’s project proposal.

 The project proposal should contain the project

description (see mountain view community hospital

project description in the text book)
 Make (not more than 4 slides) of the project

description of each group. You will present it in our

next meeting, so that we should finalize these.

• Lecture 1 • Advance Database Systems