GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
THE IDEAL GAS
LAW FROM
KINETIC THEORY
GROUP 6
ENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
THE IDEAL GAS LAW FROM KINETIC
THEORY
A. MOLECULAR SPEEDS
B, DIFFUSION &
EFFUSION
C. GRAHAMS LAW OF
EFFUSION
D. REAL GAS
THE IDEAL GAS LAW FROM KINETIC
THEORY
According to kinetic theory, The
molecules of gas are in random
motion and are continuously colliding
with each other and with the walls of
the container. All the collisions
involved are elastic in nature due to
which the total kinetic energy and
the total momentum both are
THE IDEAL GAS LAW FROM KINETIC
THEORY
THE IDEAL GAS LAW IS AN EQUATION THAT
DESCRIBES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PRESSURE (P), VOLUME (V), TEMPERATURE (T),
AND THE AMOUNT OF GAS .
THE FORMULA IS: PV=NRT
WHERE:
• P IS THE PRESSURE OF THE GAS,
• V IS THE VOLUME OF THE GAS,
• N IS THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF GAS,
• R IS THE IDEAL GAS CONSTANT,
THE IDEAL GAS LAW FROM KINETIC
THEORY
The Kinetic Theory of gases
explains that gas particles are
always in motion and that
their speed increases with
temperature. This theory helps
explain the Ideal Gas Law,
showing how gas particles'
MOLECUL AR
SPEED
According to kinetic theory, the Molecular speed
is defi ned as the speed of the group of
molecules in an ideal gas.
The British physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-
1879) showed theoretically and it has since been
demonstrated experimentally, that the
molecular distribution of speeds depends on the
temperature.
As the temperature increases, the average speed
increases.
MOLECUL AR
SPEED (rms) molecular speed,
The root-mean-square
u, is a type of average molecular speed, equal
to the speed of a molecule having the average
molecular kinetic energy.
formula of rms:
MOLECUL AR
SPEED
• R: Molar gas constant= 8.31
kg.m^2/(s^2.k.mol)
• T: Absolute temperature = 273
(kelvin)
• Mm: Molar mass of the gas= kg/mol
• root-mean-square (rms)= m/s
NOTE:
• R: Molar gas constant= 8.3
kg.m^2/(s^2.k.mol)
EXA M PLE:
Calculate the rms speed of
O, molecules in a cylinder at
21°C
DIFFUSION & EFFUSION
DIFFUSION
Diff usion refers to the process
where gas molecules spread out
and mix with other gases. This
happens because gas molecules
are constantly moving and
collide with each other. For
example, if you open a perfume
bottle, the scent molecules will
DIFFUSION
Why is it Slower than
Expected?
The phenomenon of gaseous
diff usion, which is the gradual
mixing of gases due to the
random motion of their
molecules. While the
individual molecules might
DIFFUSION
This because of:
1.frequent collisions Gas
molecules are constantly colliding
with each other.
2.Random Motion The motion of
gas molecules is random.
3.Molecular density At ordinary
pressures, the density of gas
molecules is relatively high.
EFFUSION
EFFUSION
Effusion is the process by which gas molecules escape
through a small hole or opening. The rate of effusion is
also affected by temperature, pressure, and the size and
mass of the gas molecules. However, the rate of effusion
is primarily determined by the molecular speed of the gas.
It was first studied by Thomas Graham, who discovered in
1846 that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its density.
DIFFUSION & EFFUSION
DIFFUSION
the process whereby a gas spreads
out through another gas to occuppy
the space uniformly
EFFUSION
The process in which a gas
fl ows through a small hole
in a container
GRAHAMS LAW OF
EFFUSION
It refers to the rate of
eff usion of gas molecules
from a particular hole is
inversely proportional to
the square root of the
molecular mass of the gas
at constant temperature
GRAHAMS LAW OF
The
EFFUSION
rate of effusion of molecules from a container
depends on three factors:
• cross-sectional area of the hole (the larger it is,
the more likely molecules are to escape) .
• The number of molecules per unit volume (the
more crowded the molecules are, the more likely
they are to encounter the hole .
• The average molecular speed (the faster the
molecules are moving, the sooner they will find
the hole and escape).
GRAHAMS LAW OF
EFFUSION
FORMUL
A:
GRAHAMS LAW OF
EFFUSION
EXAMP
LE
CALCUL ATE THE RATIO OF
EFFUSION RATES OF MOLECULES
OF CARBON DIOXIDE, CO2, AND
SULFUR DIOXIDE SO2, FROM THE
SAME CONTAINER AND AT THE
SAME TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE.
Real gases
A real gas is defined as a gas
that at all standard pressure
and temperature conditions
does not obey gas laws. It
deviates from its ideal
behaviour as the gas becomes
Real gases
Real gases are also called
non-ideal gasses. Gases
such as carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, helium,
oxygen, and nitrogen are
all real gases..
Real gases
The Dutch physicist J.D.
van der waals (1837-
1923) was the first to
account for these
deviations of a real gas
from ideal gas behaviour.
van der Waals
equation
The Van der Waals equation is an
equation of state that describes
the behavior of real gases. It was
developed by the Dutch physicist
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
in 1873. The equation is an
improvement over the ideal gas
van der Waals
equation
FORMUL
A:
•P = PRESSURE OF THE GAS (IN ATM)
•V = VOLUME OF THE GAS (IN LITERS)
•N = NUMBER OF MOLES OF THE GAS
•R = IDEAL GAS CONSTANT (0.0821 L-
ATM/MOL-K)
•T = TEMPERATURE (IN KELVIN)
•A AND B ARE CONSTANTS SPECIFIC TO
THE GAS
van der Waals
equation
•R = IDEAL GAS CONSTANT (0.0821 L-
ATM/MOL-K)
•A AND B ARE CONSTANTS SPECIFIC TO
van der Waals
equation
EXAMP
LE
USE THE VAN DER WA ALS EQUATION TO
CALCULATE THE PRESSURE OF 1.000 MOL
SULFUR DIOXIDE SO2 THAT HAS A VOLUME
OF 22.41 L AT 0.0°C.
The ideal gas from
kinetic theory
-IT SAYS THAT THE MOLECULES OF
GAS ARE IN RANDOM MOTION
-an equation that describes the
relationship between pressure (P),
volume (V), temperature (T), and
the amount of gas .
• P is the pressure of the gas,
• V is the volume of the gas,
• n is the number of moles of gas,
• R is the ideal gas constant,
• T is the temperature in Kelvin.
MOLECUL AR
• SPEED
DEFINED AS THE SPEED OF THE
GROUP OF MOLECULES IN AN IDEAL
GAS.
• JAMES CLERK MAXWELL (1831-1879) -THE BRITISH
PHYSICIST WHO SHOWED THEORETICALLY AND
SINCE DEMONSTRATED EXPERIMENTALLY, THAT
THE MOLECULAR DISTRIBUTION OF SPEEDS
DEPENDS ON THE TEMPERATURE.
• RMS (ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE ) -IS A TYPE OF
AVERAGE MOLECULAR SPEED, EQUAL TO THE
SPEED OF A MOLECULE HAVING THE AVERAGE
MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY.
DEFUSION- GAS MOLECULES SPREAD OUT
AND MIX WITH OTHER GASES
eff usion-gas molecule escape through a
small hole
WHY DIFFUSION SLOWER THAN EXPECTED
THERE A 3 REASON
FREQUENT COLLISION-CHANGE ZIGZAG
DIRECTION
RANDOM MOTION-RANDOM MOVEMENT
MOLECUL AR DENSITY-DENSITY IS HIGH
AND LEADS TO SLOW PROCESS
GRAHAMS LAW OF EFFUSION
-REFERS TO THE RATE OF EFFUSION
THREE FACTORS
CROSS SECTIONAL- LARGER HOLES CAN MAKE
MOLECULES TO ESCAPE EASILY
NUMBER OF MOLECULES PER UNIT-THE MORE
CROWDED,THE MORE MOLECULES ENCOUNTER THE
HOLE
THE AVERAGE MOLECULAR SPEED -MOLECULE IS
FAST TO MOVE,THE SOONER THEY ESCAPE
REAL GASES
- DEFINED AS A GAS THAT AT ALL
STANDARD PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
CONDITIONS DOES NOT OBEY GAS LAWS
-ALSO CALLED NON-IDEAL GASSES.
-EXIST IN ENVIRONMENT,EXIST IN SLOW
PRESSURE
EXAMPLE: OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE,
CARBON MONOXIDE AND HELIUM
J.D. VAN DER WA ALS (1837-1923) THE
DUTCH PHYSICIST WHO WAS THE FIRST TO
ACCOUNT FOR THE DEVIATIONS OF A REAL
TEST 2.
1.WHAT IS THE RMS SPEED (IN M/S)
OF A CARBON TETRACHLORIDE (CCL4)
MOLECULE AT 22°C?
Mm of CC4=153.811×10^-3 kg/mol
2. USE THE VAN DER WA ALS EQUATION TO
CALCULATE THE PRESSURE OF 1.000 MOL
ETHANE, C₂H₂, THAT HAS A VOLUME OF
22.41 L AT 0.0°C.
A= 5.570 L².ATM/MOL²
b= 0.06499
