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Cosm 6212

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6 views8 pages

Cosm 6212

Uploaded by

sahilbgmi9999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Probability
Probability is a branch of mathematics concerned with the
analysis of random phenomena. It helps us understand the
likelihood of different outcomes in uncertain situations.

by Satish sharma
23H55A6212
Sample Space and Events
The sample space represents all possible outcomes of a random experiment. An event is a subset
of the sample space, consisting of one or more specific outcomes.

Sample Space Event


All possible outcomes of an experiment. A specific outcome or a collection of outcomes.
Counting Sample Points
Counting sample points is crucial for determining the probability of events. Methods like the
Fundamental Counting Principle and combinations can be used to count the possible outcomes.

Event Count

Heads or Tails 2

Rolling a Die 6
Mutually Exclusive Events
Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur simultaneously. This means that if one
event happens, the other cannot.

1 No Overlap 2 Exclusive Outcomes


Two events with no outcomes in common. If one event happens, the other cannot.
Complementary Events
The complement of an event includes all outcomes in the sample space that are
not in the event. An event and its complement together cover the entire sample
space.

Event Complement
A specific outcome or a set of All other outcomes in the sample
outcomes. space.
Probability of Union of Events
The probability of the union of two events is the probability that at least one of the events
occurs. The formula for the probability of the union of two events is: P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A
and B).

Event A
The probability of event A occurring.

Event B
The probability of event B occurring.

Union
The probability of either event A or event B occurring.
Conditional Probability
Conditional probability refers to the probability of an event occurring given that another event
has already happened. This is denoted as P(A|B), the probability of event A given that event B
has occurred.

Tree Diagram Formula


Visual representation of conditional probabilities. P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B).
Bayes' Theorem
Bayes' Theorem is a fundamental concept in probability that allows us to update
our beliefs about an event based on new evidence. It is widely used in machine
learning, statistics, and decision-making.

1 Prior Probability
Our initial belief about an event.

2 Likelihood
The probability of observing evidence given an event.

3 Posterior Probability
Our updated belief about an event given new evidence.

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