Basic

Calculus
 Objectives
01.
Applies Direct
Substitution

02.
Compute the limits of exponential,
logarithmic, and trigonometric functions
using tables of values and graphs of the
functions.
 Limit
Theorems Substitution
¿
lim ( 2 𝑥 +1)
𝑥→1
2 ( 1 ) +1
¿3
 Limit
Theorems Substitution
lim (𝑥 − 3¿) (− 1)2 − 3
2
𝑥 → −1

¿ 1 −3
¿−2

You can apply direct substitution to find the

limit of a polynomial function.
 Limit
Theorems Substitution

1 1
lim ¿
𝑥 → 2 𝑥 2
 Limit
Theorems Substitution

𝑥+ 14 +1
lim ¿
𝑥 → 4 𝑥 4

5
¿
4
 Substitution

𝑥 2 +3 𝑥 +2 ( 𝑥 +2 )( 𝑥 + 1)
lim ¿
𝑥 → −1 𝑥+ 1 𝑥 +1

¿ 𝑥+ 2
¿ −1+ 2
¿1
You can apply substitution in finding the limit
of a rational function ensuring that the
denominator is not equal to 0
 Limit
Theorems Substitution

4√
3
√ 𝑥 +¿ 4+ 4
3
lim
𝑥→4

¿√
3
8
¿2
 Let’s
Practice
Find the limits of the following using
substitution.

1. lim
1 −5 𝑥
2 4 3 . lim √𝑥 2
+3 −2
𝑥 →1 1+3 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 2
𝑥 → −1 𝑥 +1
2
𝑦 +3 𝑦 +2
2. lim 2
𝑦 →− 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 −6
 EVALUATING
LIMITS OF
EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS
 Exponential
Function
The exponential function is a type of mathematical function
which are helpful in finding the growth or decay of
population, money, price, etc that are growing or decay
exponentially.
If , the exponential function with base b is defined by
𝒙 exponent
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑏
base
 Natural
Exponential
Function
When the base, b, of the exponential function f(x) = b , is
x

replaced with e, we have the natural exponential

function.
Consider the natural exponential function where e is
called the Euler number, and has value 2.718281....

𝒙 exponent
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑒
Euler
 Limit of Natural Exponential
Function
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 𝒙 using table of values
𝒙→𝟎
the Left Right
x f(x) x f(x)
-0.1 0.1 1.10517
0.90484
-0.01 0.99005 0.01 1.01005
-0.001 0.999000 0.001 1.001005
-0.0001 0.9999000 0.0001 1.000100
-0.00001 0.99999000 0.00001 1.00001
𝑥
lim 𝑒 =1
𝑥→0
Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 𝒙 using its graph
𝒙→𝟎
the
𝑥
lim 𝑒 =1
𝑥→0
 Limit of Exponential Function
Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙 using table of values
𝒙→𝟏
the Left Right
x f(x) x f(x)
0.9 1.1 3.348369
2.687875
0.99 2.966722 1.01 3.03314
0.999 2.996706 1.001 3.003297
0.9999 2.999670 1.0001
3.00033
0.99999 2.999967 1.00001 3.000033
𝑥
lim 3 =3
𝑥→1
 EVALUATING
LIMITS OF
LOGARITHMIC
FUNCTIONS
 Logarithmic
Function
Logarithmic functions are the inverses of exponential
functions, and any exponential function can be expressed in
logarithmic form.
If , if then y is called the logarithm of x to the base b denoted
by
𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥
 Exponential Logarithmic
Exponential Function Logarithmic Function

Example
Exponential Function Logarithmic Function

𝒚 =log 𝟐 𝟔𝟒
 Natural Logarithmic Function

The logarithmic function to the base e is called

the natural logarithmic function and it is denoted
by loge. 𝑓 (𝑥)=𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥
Note that , hence,

𝑓 (𝑥)=𝑙𝑛 𝑥
 Limit of Natural Logarithmic
Function
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 using table of values
𝒙→𝟏
the Left Right
x f(x) x f(x)
0.9 1.1 0.09531
-0.10536
0.99 -0.01005 1.01 0.00995
0.999 -0.0010005 1.001 0.0009995
0.9999 -0.0001 1.0001 0.00009995
0.99999 -0.00001 1.00001 0.000001

lim 𝑙𝑛𝑥= 0
𝑥→1
 Common Logarithmic Function
The logarithmic function with base 10 is called the
common logarithmic function and it is denoted by
log10 or simply log.
𝑓 ( 𝑥)=log 10 𝑥
Note that , hence,

𝑓 ( 𝑥)=log 𝑥
 Limit of Common Logarithmic
Function
EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 using table of values
𝒙→𝟏
the Left Right
x f(x) x f(x)
0.9 1.1 0.041392
-0.045757
0.99 -0.00436 1.01 0.00432
0.999 1.001 0.00043
-0.0004345
0.9999 -0.000043 1.0001 0.000043
0.99999 -0.000004 1.00001
0.000004
lim log 𝑥=0
𝑥→1
Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 using its graph
𝒙→𝟏
the
Evaluate 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙using its graph
𝒙→𝟏
the
EVALUATING LIMITS
OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
 Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric functions are also known as Circular
Functions can be simply defined as the functions of
an angle of a triangle.
It means that the relationship between the angles
and sides of a triangle are given by these trig
functions.
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =sin 𝑥 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =csc 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =cos 𝑥 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =sec 𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =tan 𝑥 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =cot 𝑥
 Limit of Trigonometric Function

EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 using table of values

𝒙→𝟎
the Left Right
x f(x) x f(x)
-0.5 -0.00827 0.5 0.00827
-0.07 -0.00122 0.07 0.00122
-0.008 -0.00014 0.008 0.00014
-0.0009 -0.00002 0.0009 0.00002
-0.00001 -0.0000002 0.00001 0.0000002
lim sin 𝑥=0
𝑥→0
Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 using its graph
𝒙→𝟎
the
lim sin 𝑥=0
𝑥→0
Summary:
If f is either exponential, logarithmic or
trigonometric, and if c is a real number which is in
the domain of f, then,
lim 𝑓 ( 𝑥)= 𝑓 (𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒆 𝒙 ¿ 𝒆 𝟎 ¿𝟏 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 ¿ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏) ¿ 0

𝒙→𝟎
𝒙→𝟏

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙 ¿ 𝟑𝟏 ¿3 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 ¿ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟎) ¿ 0

𝒙→𝟏 𝒙→𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒍𝒏 𝒙¿ 𝒍𝒏(𝟏)¿ 0
𝒙→𝟏
Thanks
!
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