GROUP I

Trịnh Thị Ngọc Quỳnh

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Trần Thanh Tâm
225722020110091

La Thị Bảo Trinh

225722020110091 Nguyễn Ngọc Thảo Linh
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Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Uyên
225722020110091 Lương Mạnh Kiên
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Phạm Thị Ngọc Linh

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Chapter 4: Syntax
and Grammar
Main content

• Types of syntactic structures

• Types of sentences and clauses
• Phrases
• The Constituent Structure of Sentences
• Phrase structure rules
• Transformational rules
• Basic phrase maker
TYPE OF SYNTACTIC
STRUCTURES

Thảo Linh
 • What is syntactic structure?
The study of the rules whereby words
or other elements of sentence
structure combined to form
grammatical sentences. It involves the
organization of words into phrases,
clauses, and sentences according to
the grammatical rules of a particular Syntactically, the Subject (S)
language expressed by noun, noun
. phrase, pronoun and the
Predicator (P) expressed by
verbs, verb pharses,
complement are the two main
functional categories.
Thảo Linh
2.Type of syntactic structure include:
+ S-P (Subject – Predicate)
Ex: Tom | disappeared
+ S-P-Od (Subject – Predicate - Direct Object)
Ex: We | hired | a car
+ S-P-Oi-Od (Subject – Predicate - Indirect Object - Direct
Object)
Ex: I | have sent | them | an invitation

Thảo Linh
+ S-P-Cs (Subject – Predicate - Complement of Subject)
Ex: My brother | is | a physiotherapist
+ S-P-A (Subject – Predicate – Adjunct)
Ex: He | works | in London
S-P-Od-Co (Subject – Predicate - Direct Object – Complement)
Ex: They | appointed | James | First Secretary
S-P-Od-Cloc (Subject – Predicate - Direct Object - Complement of Location)
Ex: I | put | the casserole | in the microwave

Thảo Linh
Types of sentences
and clauses

La Thị Bảo Trinh

1. Declarative sentences:
- Is a sentence that makes a
statement, provides a fact,
offers an explanation, or
conveys information
- known as declarative
statements
- written in the present tense
and usually end with a period
- the subject comes before the
verb

La Thị Bảo Trinh

2. Exclamatory sentences:
- known as an exclamation sentence
or an exclamative clause
- is a statement that expresses
strong emotion
- exclamatory sentences end with an
exclamation mark—also called an
exclamation point
- avoid using exclamatory sentences
in all types of formal writing,
including academic writing

La Thị Bảo Trinh

3. Imperative sentences:
- is a sentence that expresses a
direct command, request,
invitation, warning, or
instruction
- do not have a subject; instead,
a directive is given to an
implied second person
- example: “Wash the dinner
plates”

La Thị Bảo Trinh

4. . Interrogative sentences:
Question words, typically “wh”
- is a sentence that asks a question
words, include “who,” “what,”
- can be direct or indirect, begin with or
“when,” “where,” “why,”
without pronouns, and feature yes/no
“which,” “whose,” and
interrogatives, alternative questions, or
“whom.”
tag questions
- often start with interrogative pronouns
and end with a question mark
- Example: “Did she mean to sound so
angry?”

La Thị Bảo Trinh

Pharses

Ngọc Linh
Noun Phrase: English noun
phrase is a group of
compound words consisting of
a main noun (noun) and
accompanying modifiers
(modifiers) or other expansion
words to describe / clarify the
meaning of the noun from that
.
For example: “A big black cat”

Ngọc Linh
Phrase: a small group of words
standing together as a conceptual
unit, typically forming a componet of a
clause.

- Noun phrase
- Prepositional phrase
- Verb phrase
- Adjective phrase
- Adverb phrase

Ngọc Linh
Prepositional phrases: in English
are groups of words made up of at
least one preposition and the
object of the preposition (which
can be a noun, pronoun, noun
phrase or adverbial phrase of
time). and location).
For example: “We first met at the
party”

Ngọc Linh
Verb phrase: is a phrase
consisting of the main verb
combined with other
components such as auxiliary
verbs and/or adverbs.
For example: They have been
playing soccer all day.

Ngọc Linh
Adjective Phrase: An adjective phrase
always has an adjective acting as the
head. The adjective phrase may also
contain words or before phrases or
after the head (modifiers and
complements)
For example: These flowers are
wonderful.

Ngọc Linh
Adverb Phrase headed by an adverb (may
include other adverb or adjective phrase) and
modify verbs.
*Types of adverb:
- Frequency ( always, often, usually, ete…)
- Duration ( for, during…)
- Time ( at,in…words of time)
- Manner
- Purpose
- Degree
- Place

Ngọc Linh
Adverbs of manner
* Mainly modify verbs & tell the way
in which something happens. Simply
made by adding -ly to their
corresponding adjective. Ex.
Accidentally. angrily. anxiously. badly
beautifully. bravely. calmly, carefully,
cruelly. equally

Ngọc Linh
The Constituent Structure
of Sentences

Mạnh Kiên
In English grammar, a
constituent is a linguistic
part of a larger sentence,
phrase, or clause. For instance, all the
words and phrases that
make up a sentence are
said to be constituents of
that sentence. A
constituent can be a
morpheme, word,
phrase, or clause.

Mạnh Kiên
Mạnh Kiên
 Phrase
structur
e
rules
Ngọc Quỳnh
* Definition: Phrase
structure rules are a type of
rewrite rule used to
describe a given language's
syntax and are closely
associated with the early
stages of transformational
grammar

Ngọc Quỳnh
1. Sentence Structure Rule:
S -> NP VP
Ex: "The cat is sleeping."
2. Noun Phrase (NP) Structure Rules:
NP -> (Det) (AdjP) N (PP)
Ex: "A beautiful flower in the garden"
3. Verb Phrase (VP) Structure Rules:
VP -> V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)
Ex: "She ate an apple quickly in the
morning."

Ngọc Quỳnh
4. Adjective Phrase (AdjP) Structure Rule:
AdjP -> (AdvP) Adj
Ex: "The deliciously spicy food."
5. Adverb Phrase (AdvP) Structure Rule:
AdvP -> (Adv) (AdvP)
Ex: "She speaks so softly."
6. Prepositional Phrase (PP) Structure Rule:
PP -> P NP
Ex: "She sat on the chair."

Ngọc Quỳnh
Transformational
Rules

Thanh Tâm
 They help explain
how sentences can
have different surface
Transformational rules, often structures while still
associated with conveying the same
transformational-generative underlying meaning.
grammar in linguistics, are
rules that describe the
transformation of one
linguistic structure into
another.

Thanh Tâm
Conversion rules are often related
to sentence surface structure and
especially phrasal verbs (a verb
phrase consists of a verb base, a
main verb part and a particle)

These rules are used to explain the

relationship between different
types of sentences, such as some
sentences like questions, active
sentences...
Thanh Tâm
Basic
Phrase
Marker

Mỹ Uyên
Sentence structure and syntax
are crucial for understanding
language and constructing
grammatically correct
sentences.
• Outline of basic phrase
market
• definition
• examples and tree diagram
• explaining
• conclusion
Mỹ Uyên
 Definition of
Basic Phrase Marker
It helps us identify and
categorize the different
components of a sentence, such
as words, phrases, clauses, and
The Basic Phrase Marker is a
their syntactic relationships.
visual representation, often in
the form of a tree structure,
that shows how the
components of a sentence are
organized and interact with
each other.
Mỹ Uyên
 EXAMPLES
[NP] represents the noun
phrase, which consists of the
determiner ([Det] "The"),
followed by two adjective
phrases ([AdjP]) describing the
noun ([N]) "apple". The
adjectives are "big" and "red".
Example 1: Simple Noun Phrase
Sentence: "The big red apple." Mỹ Uyên
 EXAMPLES
- [VP] represents the verb
phrase. It starts with the noun
phrase ([NP]) "She" (referring to
a person), followed by the
adverb phrase ([AdvP])
"quickly". Then, the verb ([V])
"ran" is present, followed by
Example 2: Verb Phrase with Adverb another adverb ([Adv]) "away".
Sentence: "She quickly ran away." Mỹ Uyên
 EXAMPLES
[S] - main sentence. Two subordinate clauses.

[S] - main sentence.

Two subordinate
clauses.

Example 3: Complex Sentence with

Clauses
Mỹ Uyên
Sentence: "Although it was raining, they
NP - noun phrase These examples
Det - Determiner demonstrate how basic
N - noun phrase markers can be
used to analyze and
AdjP- Adjective
visually represent the
Phrase structure of different
Adj - Adjective sentence types.
S - sentences
AdvP - Adverb
phrase
V- verb Mỹ Uyên
 Conclusio
n The Basic Phrase Marker
allows us to visually
analyze and understand
A valuable tool in the structure and
syntax and grammar, relationships between
helping us different elements in a
comprehend and sentence.
construct
grammatically correct
sentences.

Mỹ Uyên
T h a n k
y o u !