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19 views

Sqc Chapter 1 Ppt

Uploaded by

girmasolomon963
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistical quality control

Prepared by:

Mequanint Melkam
Chapter one
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control
Quality Improvement in the Modern
Business Environment
Definitions of Quality
Means
 fitness for use or quality of design,
 It refers to the sum of attributes that
describes
the product
 is closely allied to cost and customer needs
 is inversely proportional to variability.
Cont.…
 Quality is the most important customer decision
factors for product service
 All goods and services are produce in various
grades and quality levels
 There are two general aspect of fitness
for use
1. Quality Design: Concerned material
and used in construction
2. Quality of Conformance: Influenced by
manufacturing process, training and
supervision of SQC.
Cont.…
 Generally understanding and improving
quality key factors are leading to business
success, growth, and enhanced
competitiveness.
Quality Improvement
Quality improvement is the reduction of
variability in processes and products.
Alternatively, quality improvement is also
seen as “waste reduction”.
Meaning of Control
 Control
is a system for measuring and
checking (inspecting) or monitoring a
phenomenon.
 QualityControl is a systematic control of
various factors that affect the quality of the
product.
Characteristics of quality
 Quality characteristics jointly describe what
the user or consumer thinks of as quality.
Some of are:
1. Physical: length, weight, voltage, viscosity
2. Sensory: taste, appearance, color
3. Time Orientation: reliability, durability,
serviceability
Dimension of quality
There are seven dimension of quality
1. Aesthetics(What does the product look like?):
This is the visual appeal of the product taking account
factors such as: style, color, shape and Package
2. Reliability(How often does the product fail?):
Complex products required some repair over service
life.
3. Durability(How long does the product last?): This
the effective service life of the product.
Cont.
4. Serviceability(How easy is it to repaired?): 5.
Specification(Target Value): Usually bounded by arrange
of values that, most typically sufficiently close to the target
value.
Note: The largest allowable value for a quality
characteristic is called The upper specification limits and
the smallest allowable value for a quality characteristics is
called the lowers specification limit.

5. Conformance to Standards(is the product made exactly


as the designer intended?):
6. Features Variation(what does the product do)
Statistical Quality Control
 This is a quality control system employing the
statistical techniques to control quality by
performing inspection, testing and analysis to
conclude whether the quality of the product is as
per the laid quality standards.
 It is the set of activities that ensures the quality
levels of products and services are properly
maintained and that supplier and customer quality
issues are properly resolved.
 It is the use of statistical methods or tools in
monitoring and maintaining of the products and
services.
Cont.…
 S.Q.C. uses three scientific techniques,
namely;
 Sampling inspection
 Analysis of the data, and
 Control charting
Categories of Statistical quality control

Statistical Quality Control encompasses three broad categories of;

 Descriptive statistics:
e.g. the mean, standard deviation, and range

 Statistical process control (SPC):


- Involves inspecting the output from a process

- Quality characteristics are measured and charted

- Helpful in identifying in-process variation

 Acceptance sampling: used to randomly inspect a batch of goods to determine


acceptance/rejection.

Does not help to catch in-process problems


Sources of Variation
 Variation exists in all processes.
 Variation can be categorized as either;
1. Common or Random causes of variation, or
If a variation occurs due to chance factors and no causes assigned to it. It is tolerable.
 Random causes that we cannot identify
 Unavoidable
 e.g. slight differences in process variables like diameter, weight, service
time, temperature

2. Assignable causes of variation


If a variation occurs due to human made such as in quality process and materials.

 Causes can be identified and eliminated


 e.g. poor employee training, worn tool, machine needing repair
Modeling Process Quality
 Statistical methods play a vital role in quality
improvement.
Descriptive Statistics : can be used to express variation
quality characteristics in a sample quantitative. E.g
 Stem and leaf display
 Histogram
 The Box plot

2. Probability Distribution
 It is random variable with its corresponding probability value
Cont.
 Probability distribution is a mathematical model that relates the
value of the variable with the probability of occurrence of that
value in the population. There are two types of probability
distributions-discrete and continuous.
1. Discrete probability: A discrete random variable with its
probability value.
 Binomial distribution
 Poisson distribution
 Geometric distribution
 Hyper Geometric distribution
 Negative Binomial distribution

2. Continuous Probability Distribution A continuous random


variable with its probability value.
 Normal Distribution
 Exponential distribution
 Standard Normal Distribution
Cont.
 Log Normal distribution
 Gamma distribution
 Beta Distribution
 Weibull distribution
 Pareto Distribution
 Chi-square distribution
 F- distribution
 t distribution
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.

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