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Lecture 2 - System, model simulation

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Lecture 2 - System, model simulation

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erhantamur8
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 2

Chapter-01
Discrete-Event System Simulation
-Jerry Banks

System, model & simulation

1
Systems and System Environment
System
 defined as a group of objects that are joined together in

some regular interaction or interdependence toward the


accomplishment of some purpose.

System Environment
 changes occurring outside the system.

The decision on the boundary between the system and its


environment may depend on the purpose of the study.

2
Components of a System (1)
Entity : an object of interest in the system.
Attribute : a property of an entity.
Activity : a time period of specified length.
State : the collection of variables necessary to describe the
system at any time, relative to the objectives of the
study.
Event : an momentary occurrence that may change the
state of the system.
Endogenous : to describe activities and events occurring
within a system (Internal).
Exogenous : to describe activities and events in an
environment that affect the system (External).
3
Components of a System (2)

4
Discrete and Continuous Systems
Systems can be categorized as discrete or continuous.
 Bank : a discrete system
 The head of water behind a dam : a continuous system

5
Model of a System
Model
 a representation of a system for the purpose of studying

the system
 a simplification of the system

 sufficiently detailed to permit valid conclusions to be

drawn about the real system

6
Types of Models
Static or Dynamic Simulation Models
 Static simulation model (called Monte Carlo simulation)

represents a system at a particular point in time.


 Dynamic simulation model represents systems as they change

over time.
Deterministic or Stochastic Simulation Models
 Deterministic simulation models contain no random variables

and have a known set of inputs which will result in a unique


set of outputs.
 Stochastic simulation model has one or more random variables

as inputs. Random inputs lead to random outputs.


The model of interest in this class is discrete, dynamic, and
stochastic.

7
Discrete-Event System Simulation
The simulation models are analyzed by numerical rather
than by analytical methods.
 Analytical methods employ the deductive reasoning of

mathematics to solve the model.


 Numerical methods employ computational procedures

to solve mathematical models.

8
Let us see a flow chart, which will describe the
steps followed in a simulation study.
(in the next slide)

9
10
Steps in a Simulation Study (1)
Problem formulation
 Policy maker/Analyst understand and agree with the formulation.

Setting of objectives and overall project plan


Model conceptualization
 The art of modeling is enhanced by an ability to abstract the

essential features of a problem, to select and modify basic


assumptions that characterize the system, and then to enrich and
elaborate the model until a useful approximation results.
Data collection
 As the complexity of the model changes, the required data elements

may also change.


Model translation
 GPSS/HTM or special-purpose simulation software

11
Steps in a Simulation Study (2)
Verified?
 Is the computer program performing properly?

 Debugging for correct input parameters and logical structure

Validated?
 The determination that a model is an accurate representation of the

real system.
 Validation is achieved through the calibration of the model

Experimental design
 The decision on the length of the initialization period, the length

of simulation runs, and the number of replications to be made of


each run.
Production runs and analysis
 To estimate measures of performances

12
Steps in a Simulation Study (3)
More runs?
Documentation and reporting
 Program documentation : for the relationships between

input parameters and output measures of performance,


and for a modification.
 Progress documentation : the history of a simulation, a

chronology of work done and decision made.


Implementation

13
Steps in a Simulation Study (4)
Four phases according to Figure 1.3
 First phase : a period of discovery or orientation

(step 1, step2)
 Second phase : a model building and data collection

(step 3, step 4, step 5, step 6, step 7)


 Third phase : running the model

(step 8, step 9, step 10)


 Fourth phase : an implementation

(step 11, step 12)

14
The End

15

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