CS101 Lecture 1 - 2024-1
CS101 Lecture 1 - 2024-1
INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTER
SCIENCE
Nemure T.(Mr)
Rerayi K.(Miss)
What is a
computer?
• This is an
electronic device
or machine, which
accepts inputs,
processes,
outputs and
stores data.
History of Computers
Classification of
Computers
• Moderate-sized
computers, smaller than
mainframes but more
capable than personal
computers, often used for
business and scientific
tasks.
Micro Computers
• It is a small, relatively inexpensive computer
with microprocessor as its CPU
• They are designed to be used by individuals
• They are classified into:
1. Workstation
2. Desktop
3. Laptop
4. Palmtop
5. PDA
Computer Hardware
• A computer is made up of Hardware and Software.
• Hardware refers to the physical components of a
computer.
• Software is the intangible computer components,
which are programs or instructions of the
computer.
• Software can also be referred to as a set of
instructions, which tells the computer what to do
and how to do it.
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• It is also called Processor.
• This the principal part of any digital computer
system generally composed of the Control
Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit and Registers.
• The CPU is considered the brain of the
computer and it communicates with the input,
output and storage devices to perform tasks
that are important to the functioning of the
computer.
Control Unit (CU)
• It is the part of the CPU, which controls or
manages all the operations of the computer.
• The main function is to fetch and execute internal
instructions of the program from the main
memory to the processor instruction register.
• It determines what is to be done to follow the
instruction and transmits to the appropriate
device direction specifying the work to be done.
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
• It is responsible for carrying out operations on
data. It is made up of the Arithmetic Unit and
the Logic Unit.
• Arithmetic Unit is responsible for carrying out
basic calculations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and divisions. Logic
Unit it performs the logical operations like
comparison (>, <, = etc.).
INPUT UNIT/INPUT DEVICES
• It is a device or hardware component that
allows data or instructions to be entered into
a computer system.
• The input unit is responsible for sending data
or instructions from an external source into
the computer's memory for processing.
Examples of Input Devices
• Keyboard • Remote Control
• Mouse • Sensors
• Joysticks • Camera
• Touchpad • Microphone
• Touch screen • Magnetic Stripe Reader
• Barcode Reader • Optical Mark Reader
Joystick & MSR
Output Unit/ Output Devices
• It is made up of hardware devices that receive
processed data and instructions from a
computer and then translate it into another
form that can be understood by humans or by
other external devices.
• That form may be audio, visual, textual or a
hardcopy such as printed document.
Examples of Output Devices
Monitor Projector
Headphone Printer
Speaker Plotter
Storage Devices
• This is a hardware used to hold data and
Instructions in a computer system either
temporarily or permanently
Types of Storage Devices
• Magnetic Discs
• Hard Disk Drive/ Hard Drive (HD)
• Floppy Disk
• Compact Disk (CD)
• Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)
• Magnetic Tapes
• Memory Stick/ USB flash memory
Computer Software
• Computer software refers to a
collection of programs, data, and
instructions that tell a computer
what to do.
• It is a critical component of any
computer system, enabling it to
perform a wide range of tasks and
functions.
Types of Computer
Software
• Generally, we have two types of software
namely:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software
• System software is a category of software that
manages and controls the computer hardware and
provides a foundation for running other software.
• - Key Functions: System software includes the
operating system (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
that manages hardware resources, file systems,
and user interfaces.
• - Example: Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux
distributions are popular operating systems.
Operating Systems
• An operating system (OS) is a
fundamental software that manages
and controls a computer's hardware
and software resources.
• It serves as an intermediary between
the user and the computer's
hardware, making it easier to
interact with the machine.
Popular Operating
Systems
• a. Windows: - Developed by Microsoft, Windows is
one of the most widely used operating systems for
personal computers. - Examples include Windows 10
and Windows 11.
• b. macOS: - Developed by Apple, macOS is the
operating system used on Mac computers. - Examples
include macOS Catalina and macOS Big Sur.
• c. Linux: - Linux is an open-source operating system
used in various distributions (distros) such as Ubuntu,
Fedora, and Debian. - It is popular in servers and can
be used on desktops.
Mobile Operating Systems