SPRINGDALES SCHOOL, DHAULA

KUAN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
STD. XII
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
UNIT III: DATABASE MANAGEMENT 20 MARKS
 DATABASE

 May be defined as a collection of interrelated data stored

together to serve multiple application

 It is computer based record keeping system.

 It not only allows to store but also allows us modification of

data as per requirements.
 DBMS

 A DBMS refers to Database Management System

 It is a software that is responsible for storing,

manipulating, maintaining and utilizing database.

 A database along with the a DBMS is referred to as a

database system.

 There are various DBMS software available in the market

like :-
 Oracle, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Sybase, PostgreSQL,

SQLite
PURPOSE OF DATABASE
RELATIONAL DATABASE MODEL
 In relational database model data is organized into table (i.e.
rows and columns).

 These tables are also known as relations.

 A row in a table represent relationship among a set of values.

 A column represent the field/attributes related to relation under

which information will be stored.

 For example if we want to store details of students then :

 Roll, Name, Class, Section, etc. will be the
column/attributes/Field and the collection of all the column
information will become a Row/Record/Tuple
SAMPLE TABLES/RELATIONS
EMPLOYEE
EMPNO GENDER DEPTNO SALARY COMM
ENAME F 1 2000 120
1 ANKITA M 0
2 0
2400 0
2 SUJEET F 0
1 0
2800 200
3 VIJAYA M 0
3 0
1800 0
300
4 NITIN M 0
3 0
2200 0
170
5 VIKRAM 0 0 0

DEPARTMENT
DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION
10 HR NEW YORK
20 ACCOUNTS BRAZIL
30 SALES CANADA
40 IT INDIA
COMPONENTS OF A TABLE
 Byt : group of 8 bits and is used to store a
e character.
 Data Item : smallest unit of named data. It
represent one type of information and often referred
to as a field or column information

 Recor : collection of data items which

d represent a complete unit of
information
 Tabl
e : collection of all Rows and Columns.
 Tabl
Fields/ Attribute/ e
Column

DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION

10 HR NEW YORK
20 ACCOUNTS BRAZIL
30 SALES CANADA
40 IT INDIA

Data Items (requires 5

bytes)
Records/ Tuple/ Row
COMMON RDBMS
 Oracle, MS SQL Server, MySQL, IBM DB2,
IBM Adaptive
Enterprise, SAP Server
Sybase IQ, Teradata,

Informix, SAP
Sybase,

PostgreSQL, SQLite, etc.

 Out of these MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQLite

are Open source implementation.

 COMMON RDBMS

 MySQL
 Runs on virtually all platforms including Linux, Unix and Windows. Popular for
web based application and online publishing. It is a part of LAMP (Linux,
Apache, MySQL, PHP) stack

 SQLite
 Relational DBMS but it is not client-server database engine rather, it is
embedded into end program. Arguably the most widely deployed database
engine as it is used by several browsers, OS and embedded
systems(Mobiles).

 PostgreSQL
 General purpose object-relational DBMS. It is the most advanced open source
database system. It is free and open source i.e. source code is available
under PostgreSQL license, a liberal open source license.
COMMON DBMS TOOLS FOR MOBILE
DEVICES

 SQL Anywhere, DB2 Everywhere, IBM Mobile Database, SQL

Server Compact, SQL Server Express, Oracle DatabaseLite,
SQLite, SQLBase etc.

 Out of these SQLite is public domain open source implementation

 Class Assignment…
BOOKCODE BOOKNAME PUB QTY PRICE
B001 LET US C BPB 3 400
B002 VISUA EEE 1 350
L
BASIC
B003 JAVA PHI 5 550
B004 VC++ BPB 4 750

Identify the following in the above table

1) Degree of Table =5
2) Cardinality of Table =4
3) Attributes of Table
4) Tuple
5) Data types of Book Code and Price
 CONCEPT OF
KEYS
EMPNO ENAME GENDER DEPTNO SALARY COMM
1 ANKITA F 10 20000 1200
2 SUJEET M 20 24000
3 VIJAYA F 10 28000 2000
4 NITIN M 30 18000 3000
5 VIKRAM M 30 22000 1700

In relation each record must be unique i.e. no two identical

records are allowed in the Database. A key attribute
identifies the record and must have unique values. There are
various types of Keys:
Primary Key, Candidate Key, Alternate Key and
Foreign Key.
 KEYS
 Primary Key
 A set of one or more attribute that can identify a record uniquely in the
relation is called Primary Key.

 There can be only 1 primary key in a table

 Allows only distinct (no duplicate) values and also forces mandatory entry
(NOT NULL) i.e. we cannot left it blank.

 Candidate Key
 In a table there can be more than one attribute which contains unique values.
These columns are known as candidate key as they are the candidate for
primary key.

 Among these database analyst select one as a primary key based on

requirement like must contain unique value, compulsory entry and where
maximum searching is done etc.
 KEYS
 Alternate Key
 In case of multiple candidate keys, one of them will be selected as Primary
Key and rest of the column will serve as Alternate Key

 A Candidate Key which is not a primary key is an Alternate Key.

 Foreign key
 Used to create relationship between two tables.

 It is a non-key attribute whose value is derived from the Primary key of

another table.

 Foreign key column will for the value in Primary key of another table, if
present then entry will be allowed otherwise data will be rejected.

 Primary Key column table from where values will be derived is known as
Primary Table or Master Table or Parent Table and Foreign key column
table will be Foreign Table or Detail Table or Child table
 EMPLOYEE
EMPNO ENAME GENDER DEPTNO SALARY COMM
Child
1 ANKITA F 10 20000 1200 Table
2 SUJEET M 20 24000
3 VIJAYA F 10 28000 2000
4 NITIN M 30 18000 3000
5 VIKRAM M 30 22000 1700

DEPARTMEN
T DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION Paren
t
10 HR NEW YORK
Table
20 ACCOUNTS BRAZIL
30 SALES CANADA
40 IT INDIA

From the Above table definition we can observe that the DEPTNO column of
EMPLOYEE table is deriving its value from DEPTNO of table DEPARTMENT. So
we can say that the DEPTNO of EMPLOYEE table is a foreign key whose value is
dependent upon the Primary key column DEPTNO of table DEPARTMENT.
 REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY

 Used to ensure relationship between records in related tables are

valid and user don’t accidentally delete or change the related
data.

 Referential integrity can be applied when:

 The master table’s column is a Primary Key or has a unique index

 The related fields have the same data type

 Both tables must belong to same database.

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY
 When referential integrity is enforced
Foreign Key you using must observe
rules: the following

 You cannot enter a value in Child Table which is not available in Master
Table’s Primary key column. However you can enter NULL values in
foreign key

 You cannot delete a record from Master Table if matching record exists
in related table

 You cannot modify or change the Primary Key value in Master table if its
matching record is present in related table.
BRIEF HISTORY OF MYSQL

 MySQL is freely available open source RDBMS

 Can be downloaded from www.mysql.org
 In MySQL information is stored in Tables.
 Provides features that support secure environment for storing,
maintaining and accessing data.
 It is fast, reliable, scalable alternative to many of the commercial
RDBMS today.
 Create and supported by MySQL AB, a company based in Sweden. This
company is now subsidiary of Sun Microsystems. On April 2009
Oracle Corp. acquires Sun Microsystems.
 The chief inventor of MySQL was Michael Widenius(a.k.a Monty).
MySQL has been named after Monty’s daughter My. The logo of MySQL
is dolphin and name of that dolphin is ‘Sakila’
 MYSQL DATABASE SYSTEM

 MySQL database system refers to the combination of a MySQL

server instance and MySQL database.

 It operates using Client/Server architecture in which the server

runs on the machine containing the database and client
connects to server over a network

 MySQL is a multiuser database system, meaning several users

can access the database simultaneously
MYSQL DATABASE SYSTEM

 The
Server
Listens for client requests in over
coming the
requirements
network and the
and access provide the
database asrequested
per
information to the Client the

 The Client

 Are the programs that connect to MySQL server

and sends requests to the server and receives
the response of Server. Client may be the MySQL
prompt or it may be Front-end programming
which connect to server programmatically like
connecting to MySQL using Python Language or
Java or any other language
FEATURES OF MYSQL
 Speed
 MySQL runs very fast.
 Ease of Use
 Can be managed from command line or
GUI
 Cost
 Isavailable free of cost. It is Open
Source
 Query language Support
 Supports SQL
 Portability
 Can be runon any platform and
supported by various
compilers
 Data

Types
 FEATURES OF MYSQL

 Security
 Offers privileges and password systems that is very flexible
and secure.
 Scalability and Limits
 Can handle large databases. Some of real life MySQL
databases contains millions of records.
 Connectivity

 Clients can connect to MySQL using drivers

 Localization
 The server can provide error message to client in many
language
 Client and Tools
 Provides several client and utility programs. Like
mysqldump and mysqladmin. GUI tools like MySQL
Administration and Query Browser
 Enter the
password
given
STARTING during
MYSQL installatio
n

SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS), KV NO.1 TEZPUR

VINOD KUMAR VERMA, PGT(CS), KV OEF KANPUR &
Click on Start  All Programs  MySQL 
MySQL Server  MySQL Command Line
Client
 mysql> prompt
means now MySQL
is ready to take
your command
and execute

SACHIN BHARDWAJ, PGT(CS), KV NO.1 TEZPUR

VINOD KUMAR VERMA, PGT(CS), KV OEF KANPUR &
To exit from MySQL type exit or quit in

front of mysql prompt

 SQL AND MYSQL

 SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

 Is a language that enables you to create and

operate on relational databases.

 MySQL uses SQL in order to access databases.

 It is the standard language used by almost all the database s/w

vendors.
 Pronounced as SEQUEL

 Original version was developed by IBM’s

Almanden Research Center
 Latest ISO standard of SQL was released in 2008 and named as

SQL:2008
PROCESSING CAPABILITIES OF
SQL

 DDL (Data Definition Language)

 DML (Data Manipulation
Language)
 Embedded DML
 View
 Authorization
 Integrity
 Transaction Control
 DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE
 It allows to create database objects like creating a table, view or
any other database objects.

 The information about created objects are stored in special file

called DATA DICTIONARY

 DATA DICTIONARY contains metadata i.e. data about data.

 While creating a table DDL allows to specify – name of table,

attributes, data types of each attribute, may define range of
values that attributes can store, etc

 Major commands of DDL are – CREATE, ALTER, DROP

 DATA MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE
 It allows to perform following operation on table
 Retrieval of information stored in table
 Insertion of new data in table
 Modification of existing data in table
 Deletion of existing data from table

 DML is of 2 type
 Procedural DML (in this we specify what data is needed and
how to get it)
 Non-Procedural DML (in this we specify what data is
needed without specifying how to get it)

 Main DML commands are – SELECT, INSERT,

UPDATE AND DELETE
 Class Assignment…

 What is Database? What are the advantages of Database

System?
 What is DDL and DML? Give examples of command

belonging to each category

 What is the difference between Primary key and Candidate key

 What is Primary Key? What are the restriction imposed by Primary

Key? How many primary key can be applied on a Table?

 What is Degree and Cardinality of table?