PEA–Lecture#

Calendar
 CALENDAR
Leap Year:
Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a
century.
Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century
is a leap year.
A leap year has 366 days.

Ordinary Year:
The year which is not a leap year is called an
ordinary Years.
An ordinary year has 365 days.

Department of Analytical Skills

 CALENDAR
Examples:
Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap
year.

Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is

a leap year.

None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800,

2100 is a leap year.

Department of Analytical Skills

 The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar's
scheme of leap years as follows:

1. Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year,

except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these
centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by
400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not
leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are.

2. In addition to the change in the mean length of the

calendar year from 365.25 days (365 days 6 hours) to
365.2425 days (365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds

Department of Analytical Skills

II. What are Ordinary and Leap years??

The time taken by the Earth to make one complete revolution is

said to be a complete Year, which is equivalent to exactly

365.2425 days.
But ignoring the .2425 we generalize an ordinary year to be of
365 days.
Further for approximate calculation we assume the 365.2425
days to be 365.25 days.
This extra 0.25 days in 4 years becomes 1 full day. Hence that
extra day is added to a year every 4 years. That particular year is
called a leap year, which has one extra day than the ordinary
year, which means a leap year has 366 days in total.
 365.2425
0.0025 when ignored

365.24
0.24 approximated to 0.25 for
simpler calculation

365.25
Only the 365 The 0.25 becomes 1
days taken extra day in 4 years

Ordinary year Leap year

365 days =Ordinary year+(0.25x4)
=365+1
=366 days
How to check for a leap year?

1.Non Century Years:

If any non-century year (not ending with “00”) is divisible by 4
(last two digits of the year should be divisible by 4), then it is said
to be a leap year.

Reason: As explained in the previous slide, the 0.25 extra days of

365.25 days become one extra day every 4 years (0.25x4=1).
Hence every 4 years we have one leap year.

Ex: 1844, 1892, 1996, 2004, 2012, 2016 etc

2. Century Years:
But in case of a century year(Years ending with “00”,ex:
1400,1600,2000,etc), the year will be a leap year only if it is divisible by 400.
Reason: 365.2425
Let us take an example. The 100th year is divisible
by 4. But it is not a leap year. 365.25
Why???
The approximation we make while assuming 365.24 days to be 365.25
days (increasing the value by 0.01), leads to an extra 1 day which does
not exist in real. Hence this extra 1 day which is forming every 100 year
should be removed from the 100th year. So, although the hundredth year
is divisible by 4 and should be a leap year, we remove that extra one day
of the leap year from the 100th year. Hence it ends up as an ordinary year
only.
But why is the 400th year a leap year then???
So, till now we learnt that the 100th year (Ex: 100,200,300 etc)is not a
leap although it is divisible by 4.

But why is 400th year a leap year then???

This answer also lies in the value 365.2425 days which is the time taken
by the earth for one revolution.
In 365.2425 we initially ignore 0.0025. which is a negligible value for
one year. But in 400 years, this 0.0025 becomes 1 complete day
(0.0025x4=1) and we add this extra day every 400th year.

Although like every 100th year, 400th year also should have been an
ordinary year, but because of the addition of this extra day(mentioned
above), every 400th year is a leap year.

And that is why every century leap year is divisible by 400.

Example: 400,1200,1600,2000 etc.
 Odd Days:
If we are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date, we use the concept of 'odd
days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called
odd days .

For example the number of odd days in 15 total days = 1, since remainder when 15 is
divided by 7 is 1.

Similarly the number of odd days in the month of January is 3. Since January has 31 days,
31/7= R(3).

Note: The odd day value will always lie from 0 to 6. If the odd day value is more than 6,
keep dividing it by 7 until the remainder value comes below 7. The remainder value
smaller than 7 is the final odd day value.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Counting of Odd Days
1. In a single year
Now that you know what are odd days, can you find out how many odd days are there in an
ordinary year and a leap year respectively???

1. Ordinary year:
Total no. of days=365 days
365/7= R(1)
Odd days = 1

2. Leap year:
Total number of days= 366
366/7= R(2)
Odd days= 2

Department of Analytical Skills

 Counting of Odd Days
Odd days in the centuries:
100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
= (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.
= (17 weeks + 5days)
So, Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.
Number of odd days in 200 years = 3 odd days.
 Number of odd days in 300 years = 1 odd day.
Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1)
= 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000
years etc. has 0 odd days.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Odd days in the centuries:
Note: 1 extra day has been repeated for 400 years, since 400 th year is a leap
year as mentioned in earlier slides.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Concept Review Question

Q. If May 10, 1997 was a Monday, what will be the day on Oct 10, 2001?

A.Wednesday
B.Thursday
C.Friday
D.Saturday

Department of Analytical Skills

 Solution:
In this question the reference point is May 10, 1997 and we have to
find the number of odd days from May 10, 1997 up to Oct 10, 2001.
Now, from May 11, 1997 - May 10, 1998 = 1 odd day
May 11, 1998 - May 10, 1999 = 1 odd day
May 11, 1999 - May 10, 2000 = 2 odd days (2000 was leap year)
May 11, 2000 - May 10, 2001 = 1 odd day

Thus, the total number of odd days up to May 10, 2001 = 5.

Now, the remaining 21 days of May will give 0 odd days.

In June, we have 2 odd days; in July, 3 odd days; in August, 3 odd days;
in September,2 odd days and up to 10th October, we have 3 odd days.
Hence, total number of odd days = 18 i.e. 4 odd days.
Since, May 10, 1997 was a Monday, then 4 days after Monday will be
Friday. So, Oct 10, 2001 would be a Friday.
Department of Analytical Skills
 Finding the day for a particular date :
1. Shortcut to find the day
a. Day of the week:

b. Month code :
1. Ordinary Year
Jan 6 5 5 6 Oct
Feb 2 0 1 2 Nov
Mar 2 3 4 4 Dec

Department of Analytical Skills

 Month code:
2. Leap Year
Jan 5 5 5 6 oct
Feb 1 0 1 2 nov
Mar 2 3 4 4 dec

Years Code/Odd
Year Code: between days
1600-1699 0
1700-1799 5
1800-1899 3
1900-1999 1
2000-2099 0
Department of Analytical Skills
 Steps:
Find the sum of:
1.Date
2.Last 2 digits of the year
3.Quotient of last two digits of the year when divided
by 4
4.Code of month
5.Odd days of the year
The odd days in the above sum value will give the day

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
What was the day of week on 15th August, 1947 ?

A. Monday
B. Tuesday
C. Friday
D. Sunday

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer
15th Aug 1947 =
1 (year b/w 1900-1999) + 47 (last two digit of year)
+ 11 (Quotient of last two digits of the year when divided by
4) +1 (August, month code) + 15 (date of month)
= 75
Now find number of odd days in this sum i.e. divide 75 by 7
and find the remainder: 75/5=R(5)
Remainder is 5 which is the day code of Friday

So, the day on 15th Aug 1947 was Friday.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
January 1,2007 was Monday. What day of the
week was on January 1,2008?

A. Monday
B. Tuesday
C. Wednesday
D. Sunday

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
The year 2007 is an ordinary year.
So, It has 1 odd day.
1st day of year 2007 was Monday.
So, 1st day of the year 2008 will be a day after
Monday.
This day will be Tuesday.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
January 1,2008 was Tuesday. What day of the
week was on January 1,2009?

A. Monday
B. Wednesday
C. Thursday
D. Sunday

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer: Option C
Explanation:
The year 2008 is a leap year.
So, It has 2 odd day.
1st day of year 2008 was Tuesday.
So, 1st day of the year 2009 will be 2 days after
Tuesday.
This day will be Thursday.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
How many days are there in x weeks x days?

A. 7x2
B. 8x
C. 14x
D. 7

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
x weeks x days = (7x + x) days = 8x days.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
Today is Monday. After 61 days, it will be:

A. Wednesday
B. Saturday
C. Tuesday
D. Thursday

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Each day of the week is repeated after 7 days.
So, after 63 days, it will be Monday.
After 61 days, it will be Saturday.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
The last day of a century cannot be

A. Monday
B. Wednesday
C. Tuesday
D. Friday

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer: Option C
Explanation:
100 years contain 5 odd days.
Last day of 1st century is Friday.
200 years contain (5 x 2) 3 odd days.
Last day of 2nd century is Wednesday.
300 years contain (5 x 3) = 15. i.e. 1 odd day.
Last day of 3rd century is Monday.
400 years contain 0 odd day.
Last day of 4th century is Sunday.
This cycle is repeated.
Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday or Thursday or Saturday.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Finding years with similar calendars :
For two different years having the same calender, the following
conditions should be satisfied:

1. Both years must be of the same type. i.e., both years must be
ordinary years or both years must be leap years.

2. 1st January of both the years must be the same day of the week.
It simply means that for a year to have the same calendar with X
year ,the total odd days from X should be 0.

Let us understand with an example.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Example:

For a year to have the same calendar with 2007 ,the total odd days from 2007
should be 0.

As we know how to recognize an ordinary and leap year, and also we know the
number of odd days they have, we can make the below table:

Since up to 2017 the number of odd days become 0, hence the next year(2018)
will have the same calendar as 2007.
And also both the years are ordinary years, hence the first condition is also
satisfied.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Shortcut (Only when you are not crossing a an ordinary century
year) :
Leap year calendar repeats every 28 years.

Here 28 is distributed as 6+11+11.

Rules:
a) If given year is at 1st position then next repeated calendar year is Given+6.

b) If given year is at 2nd position then next repeated calendar year is Given+11.

c) If given year is at 3rd position then next repeated calendar year is Given+11.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Example:

Find the year which as same calendar as that of 2007 after it.
Sol:

Given year is 2007

According to the above Rule:

2007 is at the 3rd position. So add 11 yr.

2007+11=2018
so the same Calendar after 2007 is 2018.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Question
The calendar for the year 2003 will be the same
for the year.

A. 2008
B. 2012
C. 2014
D. 2016

Department of Analytical Skills

 Answer : Option C
Given year is 2003

According to the above Rule:

2003 is at the 3rd position. So add 11 yr.

2003+11=2014
so the same Calendar after 2003 is 2014.

Department of Analytical Skills

 Concept Review Question

Find the year after 2015 which has the same calendar as 2015.

A.2019
B.2023
C.2026
D.2029

Ans: C

Department of Analytical Skills

 Q. If today is Monday, what will be the day one year and 50 days
from now? (Tech Mahindra-2011)

A.Tuesday
B.Wednesday
C.Thursday
D.Can not be determined

Ans: D

Department of Analytical Skills

 Q. What was the day of the week on January 1, 1998? (Tech
Mahindra-2016)

a. Wednesday
b. Monday
c. Friday
d. Thursday

Ans: d

Department of Analytical Skills

 Q. What was the day of the week on December 26,1995? (Tech
Mahindra-2015)

a) Friday
b) Tuesday
c) Sunday
d) Monday
e) None of the above

Ans: b

Department of Analytical Skills

 Q. On what dates of August 1980 did Monday fall? (TCS-2014)

A.4th, 11th, 18th, 25th

B.3rd, 10th, 17th, 24th
C.6th, 13th, 20th, 27th
D.9th, 16th, 23rd, 30th

Department of Analytical Skills

 Q. The calendar for 1992 is the same as for (Tech
Mahindra-2012,2015)

a) 1997
b) 2020
c) 2016
d) 1994

Ans: b

Department of Analytical Skills

 Next Class: Clocks

Department of Analytical Skills