PERCEPTION

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 CHAPTER-5

PERCEPTION

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 Objectives of The Chapter

To understand
 Meaning of Perception
 Sensation Vs Perception
 Sub processes of Perception
 Perceptual Selectivity
 Factors influencing Perception
 Perceptual Organization
 Social Perception
 Impression Management
 Linkage between Perception and Individual
decision-making
What
What do
do You
You Understand
Understand by
by this
this
Picture?
Picture?

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 Meaning
Meaning of
of Perception
Perception

 Perception may be defined as the

process by which an individual selects,

organizes and interprets stimuli into a
meaningful and coherent picture of the
environment in which he lives.

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 Sensation
Sensation Vs
Vs Perception
Perception
 Sensation deals with the basic behavior
of an individual, caused by his
physiological functions.
 Perception is the process by which an
individual selects, organizes and
interprets stimuli into a meaningful and
coherent picture of the environment in
which he lives.

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 Sub processes of Perception

External
Environment

Physical Confrontation Registration Interpretation

Environment

Sociocultural Feedback
Environment

Consequences Behavior

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 Perceptual
Perceptual Selectivity
Selectivity
 Though people are exposed to several
stimuli , they tend to select only a few at a
given point of time, this is perceptual
selectivity.
 Subliminal Perception : when the stimuli
is so subtle that an individual may not even
be conscious that he is exposed to some
stimulus.

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 Factors
Factors Influencing
Influencing Perceptual
Perceptual
Selectivity
Selectivity

External Attention Internal Set Factors

Factors
  Learning and
Intensity
 Perception
Size
 Contrast  Motivation and
 Repetition Perception
 Motion  Personality and
 Novelty and Perception
 familiarity
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 External
External Attention
Attention Factors
Factors
Intensity
According to the intensity principle of
attention, the intensity of an external
stimulus determines its probability of
being perceived.
Example:
Light Colour Bright Colour

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 External Attention Factors

Size:
A larger object is more likely to be noticed
than a smaller object.
Example:
Which you can read fast?

God is great God is great

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 External Attention Factors
 Contrast: According to the principles of contrast, the
stimuli that contradict most with the background or the
expectations of people receive maximum attention.
 Example: Which white square is smaller?

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 External Attention Factors Contd…

Motion:
People gives more attention to moving
objects than the stationery objects.
Example:
Moving object Stationery object

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 External Attention Factors Contd…
Repetition Novelty and
Familiarity:
The more number of New objects in a
times a stimulus is familiar situation or
repeated, the more it familiar objects in a
new situation draw the
is likely to be noticed
perceiver’s attention.

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 Internal
Internal Set
Set Factors
Factors
Learning and Perception:
Learning by itself plays a major role in
developing the perceptual set.
Example:

Hilly
Terrrain
Ahead

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 Motivation and
Perception:
Personality and
The primary motives: Perception:
Hunger and Thirst
Personality of a
The secondary
motives: person influence
The need for power, perception
The need for affiliation
and The need for
achievement

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 Factors
Factors Influencing
Influencing Perception
Perception
 The Perceiver

 The Target

 The Situation

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 Perceptual Organization
 Emphasizes on the
subsequent activities that
take place in the perceptual
Process after a stimulus is
received.

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Forms
Forms of
of Perceptual
Perceptual Organization
Organization
 Figure-ground
 Perceptual Grouping
 Closure
 Continuity
 Proximity
 Similarity
 Perceptual Constancy
 Perceptual Context
 Perceptual Defense

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 Perceptual
Perceptual Organization
Organization

 Figure-ground:

In perceiving stimuli or phenomena, the

tendency is to keep certain phenomena
in focus and other phenomena in
background.

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 Perceptual
Perceptual Grouping
Grouping

 An individual tends to group several

stimuli together into a recognizable
pattern.
 Various forms
 Closure
 Continuity
 Proximity
 Similarity
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 Perceptual
Perceptual Constancy
Constancy

 The perception of elements like size,

shape, color, brightness and location
of an object remains constant and
does not change from individual to
individual.
Example: Photograph
 Perceptual Context
It provides meaning and value to
objects, events, situation and other
people in the environment.
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 Perceptual Defense

 It refers to the screening of those

elements which create conflict and
threatening situation in people.

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 Social
Social Perception
Perception
It is directly concerned with how one
individual perceives other individuals;
how we get to know others.
Factors affecting
Social
perception

Attribution Stereotyping The Halo Effect

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 Attribution
Attribution
 Attribution refers to how people
explain the cause of another’s or their
own behavior.
 The determination depends on
three factors:
 Distinctiveness
 Consensus
 Consistency

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 Stereotyping
Stereotyping
 It is the tendency to perceive another
person as belonging to a single class or
category

Halo effect
 The person is perceived on the basis of
one trait or event.

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 Impression
Impression Management
Management

 It is referred to as “self presentation”

 It is the process by which people try

to manage or control the perceptions
formed by other people about
themselves.

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Impression
Impression Management
Management Strategies
Strategies Used
Used By
By
Employees
Employees

Demotion-
Promotion-enhancing
preventive strategy
strategy
 Accounts  Entitlements
 Apologies  Enhancements
 Disassociation  Obstacle-disclosure
 Association

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 Demotion-Preventive Strategy

 It is used when employees want to

minimize their responsibilities for negative
outcome
 Accounts
 Apologies
 Disassociation

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 Promotion-Enhancing Strategy:
 It is used when employees want to
maximize their responsibility for a positive
outcome or improve their image
 Entitlements
 Enhancements
 Obstacle-disclosure
 Association

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 Linkage
Linkage Between
Between Perception
Perception and
and Individual
Individual
Decision-making
Decision-making
 Perception has a crucial role in individual
decision-making in organizations, by affecting
both the decision as well as the quality of the
decision.
 The decision taken by an individual is a complex
process involving the intake of data, screening
procession and interpreting and evaluating of
data, based on the perceptions of the individual.

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