DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
Prepared by: Engr. Derick Aldrin L. Esteban
INSPIRED BY
ORDER, DEGREE, Linearity
General Form:
Order
The highest derivative
present in the DE.
Linear Differential Equation
Degree The dependent variable and its derivatives
The exponent of the highest are raised to the first power and is
derivative present in the DE. accompanied by a function of the
independent variable.
TWO TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
• GENERAL SOLUTION
• A solution which contains
number of arbitrary constants
equal to the order of the DE.
• PARTICULAR SOLUTION
• A solution obtained from the
general solution by giving
particular values to arbitrary
constants.
Common FIRST ORDER DE
VARIABLE SEPARABLE HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
If functions of x and y are grouped If the exponents for all the variables
together with dx and dy, in each term are added, and is
respectively, then the DE is variable equal to each other, the DE is
separable. homogeneous.
M(x)dx + N(y)dy M(x,y)dx +
N(x,y)dy
Common FIRST ORDER DE
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FIRST ORDER LINEAR
named after Jacob Bernoulli DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
dy/dx + P(x) y = Q dy/dx + P(x) y = Q
(x) y n
(x)
APPLICATIONS OF
FIRST ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
General Solution General Solution
PROBLEM 10. In Nigeria the rate of deforestation is 5.25% per year. If the
decrease in forests in Nigeria is exponential, how long it will take until only
25% of the current forests are left? Note use:
GROWTH & DECAY
EXPONENTIAL
/yr
Given:
Required:
PROBLEM 11. If initially there are 50g of a radioactive substance and after 3
days there are only 10g remaining, what is the percentage to the original
amount remains after 4 days?
GROWTH & DECAY
EXPONENTIAL
@t=3, m=10
Given:
Required:
PROBLEM 11. If initially there are 50g of a radioactive substance and after 3
days there are only 10g remaining, what is the percentage to the original
amount remains after 4 days?
GROWTH & DECAY
MODE > 3: STAT > 5: e^x
EXPONENTIAL
Given:
To find the value of k: SHIFT > 1 (STAT) > 5: Reg > 2:B
Required:
To find MASS at a certain time:
SHIFT > 1 (STAT) > 5: Reg > 5:
PROBLEM 12. Carbon dating is often used to determine the age of a fossil. For
example, a humanoid skull is found in a cave in South Africa along with the
remains of a campfire. Archeologists believe the age of the skull to be the same
age as the campfire. It is determined that only 2% of the original amount of
carbon14 remains in the burnt wood of the campfire. Estimate the age of the
GROWTH & DECAY
skull if the half-life of carbon14 is about 5600 years.
EXPONENTIAL
Given:
Required:
PROBLEM 13. Species like the cane toad in Australia shown exponential
growth due to a lack of natural predators and abundant resources. 50 cane
toads were introduced in a swamp and its population doubles by a month.
How many toads are there in a year? How long does it take for the population
to grow 10 times as much?
GROWTH & DECAY
EXPONENTIAL
Given:
Required:
LAW OF COOLING
PROBLEM 14. A freshly baked cake comes out of the oven at 170°C. It is set on
a cooling rack at room temperature of 20°C. The eager baker checked the cake
after three minutes and found out that the cake is 80° cooler. If the baker needs
to serve it in half an hour after taking it out the oven, what is the temperature of
the cake once served? How long should the cake be in the cooling rack if the
LAW OF COOLING
baker wants it served at 25°C?
Given:
PROBLEM 15. In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a doctor at
7:00PM. At that moment, he was able to get the temperature of the body and
found it to be 30°C. An hour later, the detectives came in, late as usual, and
measured the temperature of the body to be 21°C. If the room temperature is
around 18°C, what is the temperature of the body by 12:00MN if it is not
LAW OF COOLING
moved? Assuming the temperature of the body before death is 36°C, determine
the time of death (hour and minute).
Given:
Required:
THANK YOU.
GOOD LUCK.
