TEB 2023/FEM3013: Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 7
Robotics
 Today: Course Objectives
■ Introduction to Robotics and Laws of Robotics

■ Categories/Types of Robotics

■ Applications of Robotics

■ Key Components of Robotics

■ Summary
 Robot defined
■ Word robot was coined by a Czech novelist Karel Capek in a 1920 play
titled “Rassum’s Universal Robots (RUR)”.
■ Robot in Czech is a word for worker or servant.
■ Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering
and technology that produces machines, called robots,
that substitute for (or replicate) human actions.
■ A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to
move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable
programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.
Source: Robot Institute of America, 1979
 Introduction to Robotics
■ As technology progresses, so too does the scope of what is considered
robotics.

■ In 2005, 90% of all robots could be found assembling cars in automotive

factories. These robots consist mainly of mechanical arms tasked with
welding or screwing on certain parts of a car.

■ Today, we’re seeing an evolved and expanded definition of robotics that

includes the development, creation and use of bots that explore Earth’s
harshest condition, robots that assist law-enforcement and even robot that
assist in almost every facet of healthcare.
 Laws of Robotics
■ Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics ” and later added the “zeroth
law ”
■ Law 0: A robot may not injure humanity or through inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.
■ Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a
human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order
law.
■ Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except
where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.
■ Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection
does not conflict with a higher order law.
 Characteristics of Robots
■ Appearance: Robots have a physical body. They are held by the structure
of their body and are moved by their mechanical parts. Without
appearance, robots will be just a software program.
■ Brain: Another name of brain in robots is On-board control unit. Using
this robot receive information and sends commands as output. With this
control unit robot knows what to do else it’ll be just a remote-controlled
machine.
■ Sensors: The use of these sensors in robots is to gather info from the
outside world and send it to Brain. Basically, these sensors have circuits in
them that produces the voltage in them.
 Characteristics of Robots
■ Actuators: The robots move and the parts with the help of these robots
move is called Actuators. Some examples of actuators are motors, pumps,
and compressor etc. The brain tells these actuators when and how to
respond or move.
■ Program: Robots only works or responds to the instructions which are
provided to them in the form of a program. These programs only tell the
brain when to perform which operation like when to move, produce
sounds etc. These programs only tell the robot how to use sensors data to
make decisions.
■ Behaviour: Robots behaviour is decided by the program which has been
built for it. Once the robot starts making the movement, one can easily tell
which kind of program is being installed inside the robot.
 Categories of Robots

Aerospace: This is a broad category. It includes all sorts of flying

robots—the SmartBird robotic seagull and the Raven surveillance
drone, for example—but also robots that can operate in space,
such as Mars rovers and NASA's Robonaut, the humanoid that flew
to the International Space Station and is now back on Earth.
 Categories of Robots

Consumer: Consumer robots are robots you can buy and use just
for fun or to help you with tasks and chores. Examples are the
robot dog Aibo, the Roomba vacuum, AI-powered robot assistants,
and a growing variety of robotic toys and kits.
 Categories of Robots

Disaster Response: These robots perform dangerous jobs like

searching for survivors in the aftermath of an emergency. For
example, after an earthquake and tsunami struck Japan in 2011,
Packbots were used to inspect damage at the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear power station.
 Categories of Robots

Drones: Also called unmanned aerial vehicles, drones come in

different sizes and have different levels of autonomy. Examples
include DJI’s popular Phantom series and Parrot’s Anafi, as well as
military systems like Global Hawk, used for long-duration
surveillance.
 Categories of Robots

Education: This broad category is aimed at the next generation of

roboticists, for use at home or in classrooms. It includes hands-on
programmable sets from Lego, 3D printers with lesson plans, and
even teacher robots like EMYS.
 Categories of Robots

Entertainment: These robots are designed to evoke an emotional

response and make us laugh or feel surprise or in awe. Among
them are robot comedian RoboThespian, Disney’s theme park
robots like Navi Shaman, and musically inclined bots like Partner.
 Categories of Robots

Exoskeletons: Robotic exoskeletons can be used for physical

rehabilitation and for enabling a paralyzed patient walk again.
Some have industrial or military applications, by giving the wearer
added mobility, endurance, or capacity to carry heavy loads
 Categories of Robots

Humanoids: This is probably the type of robot that most people

think of when they think of a robot. Examples of humanoid robots
include Honda’s Asimo, which has a mechanical appearance, and
also androids like the Geminoid series, which are designed to look
like people.
 Categories of Robots

Industrial: The traditional industrial robot consists of a

manipulator arm designed to perform repetitive tasks. An example
is the Unimate, the grandfather of all factory robots. This category
includes also systems like Amazon's warehouse robots and
collaborative factory robots that can operate alongside human
workers.
 Categories of Robots

Medical: Medical and health-care robots include systems such as

the da Vinci surgical robot and bionic prostheses, as well as robotic
exoskeletons. A system that may fit in this category but is not a
robot is Watson, the IBM question-answering supercomputer, which
has been used in healthcare applications.
 Categories of Robots

Military & Security: Military robots include ground systems like

Endeavor Robotics' PackBot, used in Iraq and Afghanistan to scout
for improvised explosive devices, and BigDog, designed to assist
troops in carrying heavy gear. Security robots include autonomous
mobile systems such as Cobalt.
 Categories of Robots

Research: The vast majority of today’s robots are born in

universities and corporate research labs. Though these robots may
be able to do useful things, they’re primarily intended to help
researchers do, well, research. So although some robots may fit
other categories described here, they can also be called research
robots.
 Categories of Robots

Self-Driving Cars: Many robots can drive themselves around, and

an increasing number of them can now drive you around. Early
autonomous vehicles include the ones built for DARPA’s
autonomous-vehicle competitions and also Google’s pioneering
self-driving Toyota Prius, later spun out to form Waymo.
 Categories of Robots

Telepresence: Telepresence robots allow you to be present at a

place without actually going there. You log on to a robot avatar via
the internet and drive it around, seeing what it sees, and talking
with people. Workers can use it to collaborate with colleagues at a
distant office, and doctors can use it to check on patients
 Categories of Robots

Underwater: The favorite place for these robots is in the water.

They consist of deep-sea submersibles like Aquanaut, diving
humanoids like Ocean One, and bio-inspired systems like the ACM-
R5H snakebot.
 Types of Industrial Robots (Joint Configuration)
■ There are seven main types of robots:
1. Articulated
2. Cartesian
3. Collaborative Robots
4. SCARA
5. Cylindical
6. Delta
7. Polar

■ Each one has additional types of robot configuration and joint

configuration, the joints referring to the axes on the robotic arms.
 Articulated Robot

An articulated robot is the

type of robot that comes to
mind when most people think
about robots. Much like CNC
mills, articulated robots are
classified by the number of
points of rotation or axes they
have. The most common is
the 6-axis articulated robot.
There are also 4- and 7-axis
units on the market.
 SCARA Robot

Selective Compliance Articulated

Robot Arm (SCARA) is a good
— and cost-effective — choice
for performing operations
between two parallel planes (e.g.,
transferring parts from a tray to a
conveyor). SCARA robots excel
at vertical assembly tasks such as
inserting pins without binding
due to their vertical rigidity
 DELTA Robot

Delta robots, also referred to as

“spider robots,”. By mounting the
actuators on, or very close to, the
stationary base instead of at each
joint (as in the case of an
articulated robot), a delta robot’s
arm can be very lightweight. This
allows for rapid movement which
makes delta robots ideal for very
high-speed operations involving
light loads.
 CARTESIAN Robot
Cartesian robots typically consist
of three or more linear actuators
assembled to fit a particular
application. Positioned above a
workspace, cartesian robots can
be elevated to maximize floor
space and accommodate a wide
range of workpiece sizes. (When
placed on an elevated structure
suspended over two parallel rails,
cartesian robots are referred to as
“gantry robots.”)
 Collaborative Robot (Cobot)
Cobots typically have a sleek
shape, with no pinch points and
with internal features such as
motors and wires. They also have
the capability to detect abnormal
force. They can be programmed
to stop immediately if they come
into contact with humans or
objects.
 Cylindical Robot
Cylindrical robots operate in a
cylinder shaped space and is
made up of at least one rotating
joint at the bottom which uses a
rotational motion and at least one
prismatic joint connecting the
links, moving in a linear fashion.
 Polar or Spherical Robots
A combination of a twisting join
and two rotary joints and a linear
joint connect this robotic arm to
its base. A polar coordinate
system is formed with the axes
and they work in a spherical
shaped space.
 Summary
■ Introduction to Robotics and Laws of Robotics

■ Categories/Types of Robotics

■ Applications of Robotics

■ Key Components of Robotics