Quantum Physics

Pre-requisite
Classical Mechanics
Newton
Applicable to MACRO world

Einstein Relativity
Einstein
Applicable to Heavenly bodies world

Quantum Physics
Max Plank, Wolfgang Pauli, Ernest Rutherford, Paul Dirac, Enrico Fermi, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, Neils
Applicable to Micro world
Bohr, Satyendranath Bose, Arnold Summerfield, Louis de Broglie, Marie Curie, Stephen Hawking, James Maxwell, Max
Born, C.V. Raman, Ludwig Boltzmann, John Bardeen, Albert Michelson, George Gamow, Wilhelm Rontgen, Richard
Feynman, Leon Cooper, James Chadwick, Lawrence Bragg, William Bragg, Paul Ehrenfest, Albert Einstein
 Quantum Physics
Pre-requisite
In Classical Mechanics

Speed = 20 km/Hr

A=0 B=20 km C= 40 km D=60 km E= 80 km

After 2 hours, what will be the position of scooter?

 e
Quantum Physics
Pre-requisite 0.1

e
But In Quantum Physics d

0.2

How an ELECTRON has 5 different positions after 2 hours simultaneously?

e e 0.1

e
b
0.15

e c
0.45

After 2 hours, what will be the position of ELECTRON?

 Quantum Physics
Pre-requisite

1
2

1 Probability: it will pass through 1st hole

2 Probability: it will pass through 2nd hole
3 Probability: it will not pass through any hole
 Quantum Physics
Pre-requisite

1
2

1 Probability: it will pass through 1st hole

2 Probability: it will pass through 2nd hole
3 Probability: it will not pass through any hole
 Quantum Physics
Pre-requisite

1 Probability: it will pass through 1st hole

2 Probability: it will pass through 2nd hole
3 Probability: it will not pass through any hole

4 Probability: it will pass through both holes simultaneously

 Quantum Physics
Pre-requisite
Black-Body radiation

Einstein's Theory of LASER

Bose-Einstein condensation state

 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory

Nature is symmetric
Law of conservation Energy
E = mc2
Modes of transfer of energy

Dual nature of light

 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory
De-Broglie’s duality theory
λ = Wavelength

P = Momentum

λ = h/p
i.e. Particle in motion can behave like wave whose wavelength depends upon
momentum/velocity.
M. N. Lahane 9
 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory
The Einstein’s relation of energy & matter As both the equations represent energies

2 hv
E mv
2
mv 

h

The Energy of wave is given by
h
mv 
hC 
E  h 

p
h p

hv
E h 

 Quantum Physics
Bohr’s Theory
Electron is allowed to circulate, only in stationary orbit.

What is stationary orbit ?

e
As per Bohr’s 3rd Postulate:
A orbit which satisfy following equitation:
h
Angular Momentum (L) mvr n
2
h
mvr n
2
Why does this occur ?
Bohr’s Said, “ ?????? ”
GIT Foundation Course-Physics 11
 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory
The moving object is not an electron particle, It is a wave
e
Starting point and end point are not in
phase, So it is not a stationary orbit

GIT Foundation Course-Physics 12

 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory
The moving object is not an electron particle, It is a wave
e
Starting point and end point are in
phase, So it is a stationary orbit

GIT Foundation Course-Physics 13

 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory

2r 8
r 2r n
h h
2r n n
p mv
h
mvr n
2
Bohr’s Equation
1λ 2λ 3λ 4λ 5λ
GIT Foundation Course-Physics
6λ 7λ 8λ
14
 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory
De-Broglie’s wavelength for a free particle De-Broglie’s wavelength for a Charged particle
For a free particle in motion energy is given by The energy of charged particle accelerated to a
potential difference V is given by
1 2
E  mv E qV
2
1 2 2 As per De-Broglie’s relation
Em  m v h h
2  
p mv
2 Em m 2 v 2
h
mv  2mE 
As per De-Broglie’s relation
2mE

h h
h
 
h
 
p mv 2mE 2mqV
 Quantum Physics
De Broglie Theory
De-Broglie’s wavelength for a free particle De-Broglie’s wavelength for a Thermally Excited particle
For a free particle in motion energy is given by The energy of thermally excited particle at
temperature T is given by
1 2 3
E  mv E  k BT
2
2
1 2 2 As per De-Broglie’s relation
Em  m v h h
2  
p mv
2 Em m 2 v 2
h
mv  2mE 
As per De-Broglie’s relation
2mE

h h h
h
 
h
  
p mv 2mE 3 3mk BT
2 m k BT
2
 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal

No one can measure simultaneously position & momentum of particle,

accurately.

Even with ideal Instrument, it is not possible.

This limit is set by nature.

Hence it is also called as law of nature.

 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal

Statement: In any simultaneous measurement of position and

momentum of a particle, the product of Uncertainty in the
measurement of position and Uncertainty in the measurement of
 h
momentum is always greater than equal to (  = 2 = 1.054 x 10-34 J)
2
X = Position & P = Momentum
Uncertainty (error) in the measurement of position = ∆x
Uncertainty (error) in the measurement of momentum = ∆p

x  p 
2
 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal
Case-1 Case-2 X4 X3 X2 X1

Rest
X4
X3
X2
X1

Motion
 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal
Case-1 t1
X1

t2
What is the position of ball at time t2?
You a
re getti
ng inf
o rm a
tion a

What is the position of ball at time t3?

b ou t

Rest t3
b a ll t
hroug
h l ig h
t o n ly
 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal
Case-1 t1

X1

e t2
What is the position of Electron at time t2?
You
infor
elec
only

are g n abou ht
tron
mati ugh lig
ettin
thro
o

Rest What is the position of Electron at time t3?

g

t3
t
 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal
Case-1 t1

X1

e t2
∆x

X2 What is the position of Electron at time t2?

At time t2 , position is X1

At time t3 , actual position is X2, but we are getting information through light which
∆t carry information about X1 position of electron

Rest t3
What is the position of Electron at time t3?
So uncertainty (error) in the measurement of position is ∆x = X2 - X1

At time t3 , position is X1

You are getting information about electron through light only

 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal
Case-1 λ1 t1

X1
So, What information we have about position & momentum of electron?
e t2
∆x

X2
Position of electron? = no information i.e. ∆x = ∞
=P
1
Momentum of electron? = accurate information i.e. ∆p = 0 , as P = P1

∆t x  p 
2
Rest t3  
x   
2  p 0

You are getting information about electron through light only

 Quantum Physics
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal
λ2
Case-2
λ5
So, What information we have about
position & momentum of electron?
e λ4
λ3
e
Position of electron? = accurate information i.e. ∆x = 0, as
the movement of electron is restricted to single point.
λ∞
λ1
Momentum of electron? = No information i.e. ∆p = ∞, as there
are infinite values of momentum because of infinite different
values of λ.


x  p 
2
 
p   
2  x 0
 Quantum Physics
Wave Packet
λ2

λ5

e λ4
λ3

A wave packet is made up of group of waves each with slightly λn

different velocity and wavelength λ1

These waves interfere constructively over only a small region of

space where particle can be located.

Such a packet of waves moves with its own velocity & is

known as group velocity (vg) = Particle velocity (v)
e
Which means that a wave-packet is always associated with
particle in motion
Quantum Physics
Wave Packet

e
 Quantum Physics
Application of HUP
Non-Existence of Electron inside the nucleus:
Let us consider a new model of atom in which electron is a part of nucleus
e
i.e. electron is not revolving around the nucleus, but present inside the nucleus.
 Quantum Physics
Application of HUP
Non-Existence of Electron inside the nucleus:

e
 Quantum Physics
Application of HUP
Non-Existence of Electron inside the nucleus:
Electron do not present outside the nucleus

e The motion says electron is restricted to move inside the nucleus only.

10-14 m 10-14 m Question is what is the position of electron?.

The position of electron is anywhere inside the nucleus.

Which means we don’t have any information about the position of electron inside the nucleus.

This is known as error in the measurement of position of electron i.e. ∆x

-14
x Diameter of nucleus 2 10 m
 Quantum Physics
Application of HUP
Non-Existence of Electron inside the nucleus:
-14
x Diameter of nucleus 2 10 m
e
As per HUP, let x  p  /2
10-14 m 10-14 m
i.e. x  p  

 p 
x
 Quantum Physics
Application of HUP
Non-Existence of Electron inside the nucleus:

e
10-14 m 10-14 m

Inside the nucleus, an electron will act as relativistic particle.

The minimum energy of electron inside the nucleus is

E = mc2 E = ∆p x c
E = (mc)c Thus, if the electron is a part of nucleus, then its energy
must be greater than 9.881 MeV. At this energy atom
E = pc becomes unstable.
Minimum momentum of
electron has the range of Δp. This prove that electron do not present in the
So, p = Δp nucleus.
 Quantum Physics
Matter wave
Wave Function

The wave associated with moving particle is called as matter wave

 i ( Et  px ) / h
A matter wave is described by the wave function ψ.  ( x, t )  Ae
The wave function ψ cannot be measured directly by any physical experiment.

But using wave function dynamic variables, such as position, momentum, kinetic energy

The most important : ψ is used to find probability of finding a particle at a particular position.P(x,t)  *  (x,t)2

 ( x, t )  Ae  i ( kx  t )  ( x, t )  A sin(t )  ( x, t )  A sin(t )
 ( x, t )  A sin( kx)  ( x, t )  A sin( px  Et )  ( x, t )  A sin(kx  t )  B cos(kx  wt )
 Quantum Physics
Schrodinger’s Equation

1) Schrodinger’s 1D Time Dependent Equation:

2) Schrodinger’s 1D Time Independent Equation:

3) Schrodinger’s 3D Time Independent Equation:

 Quantum Physics
Application of Schrodinger’s Equation
Particle trapped in one dimensional infinite potential well:
 Quantum Physics
Schrodinger’s Equation
Particle in a Box (1D Potential Well)
  2 d 2 x  The general solution of Eqn – 1 is
2
 V x  x  E x 
2m dx 2  px 
 x   sin  
But inside the Well V(x) = 0 L   
---------------------- 3
  2 d 2 x  Applying Boundary conditions
 E x  0
 x  0
2
2m dx at x =L,

d 2 x  2mE So Eqn – 3 becomes

2
 2
 x  0
dx  2  pL 
---------------------- 1 0 sin  
L   
Where 2mE = P2---------------2 Which means that

2  pL 
0 OR sin   0
L   
 Quantum Physics
Schrodinger’s Equation
Particle in a Box (1D Potential Well)
2   2 2 
But, if 0 E n 2
 ------------ A
2 
L  2mL 
It means particle do not exists inside the
well which is not possible  2 h 2 
   
 pL   2 
So sin   0 E n 2   2  
   2mL
 
Which means that  
 
 pL 
  n  h 2

  
2
E n  
2  ------------ A
n  8mL 
p ------------ 4
L
So Eqn – 2 becomes
n 2 2  2
2mE 
L2
 Quantum Physics
Application of Schrodinger’s Equation
Particle trapped in one dimensional infinite potential well:
2  2px 
The wave function for such vibrating particle is :  x   sin  
nh L  h 
But Eqn-4 is p 
2L
2  2x nh  2  nx 
 x   sin    x   sin  
L  h 2L  L  L 

Probability of finding particle is given by :

1) At x = 0 ;
X = L/2

2) At x = L ;

3) At x = L/2 ;
 Quantum Physics
Application of Schrodinger’s Equation
Particle trapped in one dimensional infinite potential well:

2  nx 
The wave function for such vibrating particle is :  x   sin  
L  L 
 h 2
    
2 2
Energy of this particle is given by : E n 2
 
 8mL2  OR E n 2

 2mL2 
   
Conclusion-1: Energy of vibrating particle is has discrete values. e.i. a
vibrating particle do not have any continuous value of energy, but its
energy levels are quantized.
Conclusion-2: The ground Energy level of vibrating particle is not zero. It
as some minimum finite value. This minimum value of energy is called as
“zero point energy”
Conclusion-3: The probability of finding particle at extreme position is
“ZERO” while it is maximum at center
 Quantum Physics
Numerical
What is the wavelength of an electron moving at the speed of 5.31 x 106 m/sec?
Given: mass of electron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s

Given: me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s, v = 5.31 x 106 m/sec

Solution: De Broglie's equation is

λ = h/p = h/mv

= 6.626 x 10-34 J·s/ 9.11 x 10-31 kg x 5.31 x 106 m/sec

λ = 1.37 x 10-10 m

The wavelength of an electron moving 5.31 x 106 m/sec is 1.37 x 10-10 m or 1.37 Å.
 Quantum Physics
Numerical
An electron of mass 9.11 × 10−31 kg moves at nearly the speed of light. Using a velocity of
3.00 × 108 m/s, calculate the wavelength of the electron.

Given: mass (m) = 9.11 × 10−31 kg, Planck’s constant (h) = 6.6262 10−34 × J · s, velocity (v) = 3.00 ×
108 m/s

Solution: De Broglie's equation is

λ = h/p = h/mv

λ = 6.626×10−34J⋅s/{(9.11×10−31 kg)×(3.00×108 m/s)}

λ = 2.42×10−12 m
 Quantum Physics
Numerical
What is the de Broglie wavelength of (a) an electron accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 54 V.

Given: V = 54 V, me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C

h
Solution: De Broglie's equation for charged 
particle is 2mqV

λ = 1.67 x 10-10 m
 Quantum Physics
Numerical
The de Broglie wavelength of the electron is 0.26 nm. Electron particle has the mass of 9.109 x 10-31 kg.
Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of this electron.

Given: me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg, h = 6.626 x 10-34 J·s, λ = 0.26 nm

Solution: De Broglie's equation particle is λ = h/p = h/mv

v = h/mλ

v = 6.626 x 10-34 / 9.11 x 10-31 x 0.26 x 10-9

v = 2.80 x 106 m/s