Programming

Fundamentals
Today’s Lecture
 Why do we need Object Oriented
Language
 C++ and C

 Basics of a typical C++ Environment

 Basic Program Construction

C++, a computer language that supports object
oriented programming
 Why do we need OOP?
 What does it do that traditional languages such
as C, Pascal, and BASIC don’t?
 Two key concepts in OOP are objects and
classes. What do these terms mean?
 What is the relationship between C++ and the
older C language?
Why do we need OOP?
 Limitations
in earlier approaches to
programming.

 To appreciate what OOP does, we need to

understand what these limitations are and how
they arose from traditional programming
languages.
 Procedural Languages
 C, Pascal, FORTRAN, and similar languages
 Each statement in the language tells the

computer to do something
 Get some input,

 Add these numbers,

 Divide by six,

 Display that output.

• A program in a procedural language is a list of

instructions.
Division into Functions
 When programs become larger, a single list of
instructions becomes unwieldy.
 function was adopted as a way to make

programs more comprehensible to their

human creators.
 A procedural program is divided into functions,

and each function has a clearly defined

purpose.
Division into Functions
 The idea of breaking a program into functions can
be further extended by grouping a number of
functions together into a larger entity called a
module.
 Dividing a program into functions and modules is
one of the cornerstones of structured
programming.
 This influenced programming organization for
several decades before the advent of object-
oriented programming.
Problems with Structured
Programming
 Asprograms grow ever larger and more
complex, even the structured programming
approach begins to show signs of strain.
C++ and C
 C++ is derived from the C language.
 It is a superset of C

 Almost every correct statement in C is also a

correct statement in C++

 The most important elements added to C to create

C++ concern classes, objects, and object-oriented

programming.
 C++ was originally called “C with classes.”
C++ and C
 New features in C++
 an improved approach to input/output (I/O)

 a new way to write comments

Basics of a typical C++ Environment
It consist of 6 phases
 Editor
 Preprocessor
 Compilers
 Linkers
 Loaders
 Execute
 Program is created in the
Editor Disk editor and stored on disk.
Preprocessor program
Preprocessor Disk processes the code.
Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
it on disk.
Linker Disk Linker links the object
code with the libraries
Primary Memory
Loader
Loader puts program
in memory.
Disk ..
..
..

Primary Memory
CPU takes each
CPU instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
Edit
 The first phase consist of editing a file.
 The programmer types a C++ program with

editor.
 The program source file is then stored on

secondary storage device such as disk.

 C++ program file names often end with .cpp
Compile
 Next, the programmer gives the command to compile the
program.
 The compiler translates the C++ program into machine
language code.
 In C++ system
 A preprocessor program executes automatically before the
compiler’s translation phase begins.
 Preprocessor obeys commands called preprocessor directives.
 Indicates that certain manipulations are to be performed on the program
before compilation.
Linker
 The preprocessor is invoked by the
compiler before the program is converted
to machine language.
 The next phase is called linking.
 A linker links the object code with the code for
the missing functions to produce an executable
image.
 Ifthe program compiles and links
correctly, an executable image is produced.
Loader
 The next phase is called loading.
 Before a program can be executed, the program
must first be placed in memory. This is done by the
loader, which takes the executable image from disk
and transfers it to memory.
Execute
 Finally, the computer executes the program one
instruction at a time.
Basic Program Construction
 Compilers take source code and transform it
into executable files, which your computer can
run as it does other programs.
 Source files are text files (extension .CPP)

 Executable files have the .EXE extension

Your First Program
Preprocessor Directives
 The first two lines that begin the program are
preprocessor directives.
e.g., #include <iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
• It isn’t a program statement
• It isn’t a part of a function body
• It does not end with a semicolon
Program statement vs
preprocessor directive
 Program statements are instructions to the
computer to do something, such as adding two
numbers or printing a sentence.
 A preprocessor directive, on the other hand, is an

instruction to the compiler.

 A part of the compiler called the preprocessor

deals with these directives before it begins the real

compilation process.
Program statement vs
preprocessor directive
 The preprocessor directive #include tells the
compiler to insert another file into your source
file.
 The type file usually included by #include is

called a header file.

Header Files
 The preprocessor directive #include tells the
compiler to add the file iostream to the source
file before compiling.

Why do this?
Header Files
 iostream is an example of a header file.
 It’s concerned with basic input/output

operations, and contains declarations that are

needed by the cout identifier and the <<
operator.
 Without these declarations, the compiler won’t

recognize cout and will think << is being used

incorrectly
Always Start with main()
 When you run a C++ program, the first
statement executed will be at the beginning of a
function called main().
 The program may consist of many functions,

but on startup, control always goes to main().

 If there is no function called main() in your

program, an error will be reported when you

run the program.
Functions
 The parentheses following the word main are
the distinguishing feature of a function.
 Without parentheses compiler would think that

main refers to some other program element.

 The word int preceding the function name

indicates that this particular function has a

return value of type int.
Braces and the Function Body
 The body of a function is surrounded by braces
(sometimes called curly brackets).
 Every function must use this pair of braces around the
function body.
 In this example there are only three statements in the
function body:
 the line starting with cout, the line starting with getch and the
line starting with return.
 However, a function body can consist of many
statements.
Program Statements
 Thereare three statements in the FIRST
program: the line
 cout << “Hello World: My first C++ program”;
 getch();
 and the return statement return 0;
Output Using cout
 The identifier cout (pronounced “C out”) is actually
an object. It is predefined in C++ to correspond to
the standard output stream.
 The operator << is called the insertion or put to
operator.
 It directs the contents on its right to the object on its
left.
 In our example it directs the string constant “Hello
World: My first C++ program” to cout, which sends it
to the display.
String Constants
 The phrase in quotation marks, “Hello
World: My first C++ program”, is an example
of a string constant.
 Its value is set when the program is written,

and it retains this value throughout the

program’s existence.
Program Statements
 The first statement tells the computer to
display the quoted phrase.
 A semicolon signals the end of the statement.
 If you leave out the semicolon, the compiler
will signal an error.
Program Statements
 getch() apart from holding the screen or waiting
for a character to be entered to exit the output
screen , it also print the input given by the user.
 The last statement in the function body is return 0;

 This tells main() to return the value 0 to whoever

called it, in this case the operating system or

compiler. The value 0 indicates that the program
had terminated successfully.
Whitespace
 Compiler ignores whitespace almost completely.
 Whitespace is defined as spaces, tabs and

newlines.
 These characters are invisible to the compiler.

 You can put several statements on one line,

separated by any number of spaces or tabs, or you

can run a statement over two or more lines.
Two new lines
Exceptions to the rule
 The first line of the program, starting with
#include, is a preprocessor directive, which must
be written on one line.
 Also, string constants, such as “Every age has a
language of its own”, cannot be broken into
separate lines.
 If you need a long string constant, you can insert a
backslash(\) at the line break or divide the string
into two separate strings, each surrounded by
quotes.
Backslash
Comments
 They help the person writing a program, and
anyone else who must read the source file,
understand what’s going on.
 The compiler ignores comments
Comment Syntax
 Comments start with a double slash symbol (//)
and terminate at the end of the line.
Alternative Comment Syntax
 Ifyou attempt to use the // style comment in this
case, the closing brace won’t be visible to
the compiler-- since a // style comment runs to
the end of the line—and the code won’t compile
correctly.
QUESTIONS ??
Outputs