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Unit 3 PPT solids

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Li Minglin
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18 views34 pages

Unit 3 PPT solids

Uploaded by

Li Minglin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review

Which of the following pairs do you expect to


have the higher boiling point? Why?
- N2 or CO?
- Propane (C3H8) or heptane (C7H16)?
- H2O or H2S?
- NF3 or NCl3?
- NF3 or NH3?
- CH3CN or C3H8?
- KCl or HCl? Intermolecular
Forces
- or ?
Review

N2 and CO
-196oC vs -191oC

Their molecular masses are similar, but


CO is polar

Intermolecular
Forces
Review

C3H8 and C7H16


-42oC vs 98oC

They both are non-polar molecules, but


C7H16 has a larger mass and is longer,
so it has more VdW forces holding the
molecules together.
Intermolecular
Forces
Review

H2O and H2S


100oC vs -60oC

Water has H-bonds, hydrogen sulfide


has only d-d forces

Intermolecular
Forces
Review

NF3 and NCl3


-129oC vs 71oC

Even though NF3 is more polar, NCl3 has


a much higher mass, so the VdW forces
prevail

Intermolecular
Forces
Review

NF3 and NH3


-129oC vs -33oC

Even though NF3 has a higher mass,


NH3 has H-bonds, which are much
stronger than “normal” d-d forces.

Intermolecular
Forces
Review

C3H8 and CH3CN


-42oC vs 82oC

Their molecular masses are similar, but


CH3CN is polar

Intermolecular
Forces
Review

KCl vs HCl
1412oC vs -85oC

KCl is an ionic compound, it has MUCH


higher attraction between particles than
molecular compounds

Intermolecular
Forces
Review

or
^
92oC vs 98oC

Heptane is linear, so there’s more


surface area for VdW forces.

Intermolecular
Forces
Solids
What are submicroscopic properties of solids?

Intermolecular
Forces
Solids
What are submicroscopic properties of solids?

- Particles are close together and organized


- The volume and shape don’t change easily
- IMFs are much stronger than the Ek

Intermolecular
Forces
Structure of ionic compounds
Ions are arranged in a 3D “lattice structure” in order to
maximize the attraction between ions of opposite
charges and minimize the repulsion between ions of
same charges.
The force of attraction between cations and anions is
called ionic bond.

Chemical
Bonding
Properties of ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are hard
Ionic compounds are brittle; they can’t change their
shapes easily, if you hit them they just turn into
powder.
Ionic compounds don’t conduct electricity in the
solid state; they don’t have free electrons or free
ions.

Chemical
Bonding
Melting point
• The melting point is the temperature at
which the kinetic energy of the particles
overcomes some of the IMFs
• At the mp, there is equilibrium between the
solid state and the liquid state
• The stronger the IMFs, the higher the mp
Melting points of solids
Explain the following:
- HCl has a mp of -114oC, KCl has a mp of 700oC

- KCl has a mp of 770oC, NaF has a mp of 993oC

- NaCl has a mp of 801oC, MgS has a mp of 2000oC


Ions

+2 -2 +2 -2 +1 -1 +1 -1
+1 -1 +1 -1

-2 +2 -2 +2 -1 +1 -1 +1
-1 +1 -1 +1
+2 -2 +2 -2 +1 -1 +1 -1

+1 -1 +1 -1

Higher MP High MP Lower MP

3D-4 (of 14)


Metallic bonding
- Metals tend to lose electrons, since they only have a few
valence electrons loosely bound to the nucleus
- In a pure metal, some electrons are delocalized
- Metal ions exist in close proximity to one another, in a
“sea” of delocalized electrons
- That explains a lot of the physical properties of metals
Metallic bonding
Metals are malleable; they change their shapes easily, they
can bend without breaking.
Metals conduct electricity in the solid state; they have free
electrons.
Ionic crystals are brittle due to repulsion between ions

3A-12 (of 18)


Metals are malleable and ductile because shifts in the metallic crystal cause no
repulsive forces

3A-15 (of 18)


Metallic bonding
Na is soft, has a density of 0.97 g/cm3 and a melting point of
98oC.
Al is hard, has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and a melting point of
660oC.
How can we explain these discrepancies?
Melting points of solids
Explain the following:
- K has a mp of 65oC, Li has a mp of 180oC

- Na has a mp of 98oC, Al has a mp of 660oC

- What about Hg?!


Atoms
• • • • • • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • •
• • • •

• • • • • • • •
• • • •

Higher MP High MP Lower MP

3D-8 (of 14)


Cs Ba W Au

antibonding

bonding
E
MP 29ºC MP 725ºC MP 3410ºC MP 1064ºC

Highest Melting Metal in a Period: Group 6

3D-6 (of 14)


Mixtures of metals
• How do we call homogeneous mixtures in which the
primary component is a metal?
Mixtures of metals
Giant covalent structures
In some substances, such as sand, diamond and graphite,
millions of atoms are joined together by covalent bonds.

The covalent bonds in these substances do not form


molecules but vast networks of atoms called giant covalent
structures or macromolecules.

All the bonds are covalent, so giant covalent structures have


Chemical
very high melting and boiling points, and are usually hard. Bonding
Giant covalent structures
• Sand is a giant (SiO2)n molecule, and diamond is a
giant C molecule.
• The atoms are held together with strong covalent
bonds.
• This explains their high melting point and their
hardness!
• This also explains why they are brittle and don’t
conduct electricity.

Chemical
Bonding
Diamond and graphite
What is the hybridization of C in diamond (left) and in
graphite (right)?
Diamond and graphite
C(diamond) is sp3 hybridized, every C makes 4 covalent
bonds, in tetrahedral shapes.
C(graphite) is sp2 hybridized, every C makes 3 covalent bonds
in trigonal planar “sheets”. The sheets are held together with
LDF.
Diamond is very hard, graphite is soft and slippery.
Simple molecular solids
Let’s look at the melting points and boiling points of
halogens (group VII elements)

What is the trend observed?


How do we explain it?
Simple molecular solids
Let’s look at the melting points and boiling points of
halogens (group VII elements)

The melting point increases with the mass and # of electrons.


This is because these molecules are non-polar, and held only
by LDF.
The strength of LDF increases with molecular mass.

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