Geometric Designs
Mathematics in the World
Recognizing and Analyzing Shapes
Polygon - is a closed, two-dimensional geometric figure made up of straight line segments connected end to end. These line
segments are called sides, and the points where they meet are called vertices. Polygons can have various shapes and sizes,
depending on the number of sides and the angles between them.
Types of Polygon
Regular Polygon
If all the sides and interior angles of the polygon are equal, then it is known as a regular polygon. The examples of regular
polygons are square, equilateral triangle, etc.
Irregular Polygon
If all the sides and the interior angles of the polygon are of different measure, then it is known as an irregular polygon. This
means that either the sides are of different lengths or the angles are different, which is sufficient for a polygon to be said to
be irregular. For example, a scalene triangle, a rectangle, a kite, etc.
Types of Polygon
Convex Polygon
If all the interior angles of a polygon are strictly less than 180 degrees, then it is known as a convex polygon. The vertex will
point outwards from the centre of the shape.
Concave Polygon
If one or more interior angles of a polygon are more than 180 degrees, then it is known as a concave polygon. A concave
polygon can have at least four sides. The vertex points towards the inside of the polygon.
Interior Angles of Polygon
Sum of internal angles of polygon = (n -2) x 180⁰
Each internal angles of polygon = (n – 2) x 180⁰ / n
Each exterior Angle = 360⁰/n
Central Angle = 360⁰/n
Number of Diagonals = (n – 3)
Solid
A solid refers to a three-dimensional geometric figure that has Volume and surface area
Platonic solid - is a type of highly symmetrical, three-dimensional geometric shape. These solids are named after the
ancient Greek philosopher Plato, who associated them with the classical elements in his philosophy.
Properties of Platonic Solids:
All Faces are Congruent: Each face is the same regular polygon.
Equal Angles: The angles between faces and at vertices are the same.
Identical Vertices: The same number of edges meet at each vertex.
Convex Shape: They have no indentations or hollows.
Symmetry: Platonic solids exhibit high levels of symmetry, making them aesthetically pleasing and mathematically
significant.
Solid
Five Platonic solids
• Tetrahedron
• Cube # Faces + # Vertices = # Edges + 2
• Octahedron
• Dodecahedron
• Icosahedron
4 Faces 6 Faces 8 Faces 12 Faces 20 Faces
4 Vertices 8 Vertices 6 Vertices 20 Vertices 12 Vertices
6 Edges 12 Edges 12 Edges 30 Edges 30 Edges
Prism and Pyramid
A prism is a polyhedron that consists of two parallel, congruent bases connected by rectangular or parallelogram-shaped
faces. The bases can be any polygon, and the type of polygon determines the name of the prism.
A pyramid is a three-dimensional geometric shape characterized by a polygonal base and triangular faces that converge
at a single point called the apex.
Non - Polyhedra
Sphere - A sphere is a perfectly symmetrical three-dimensional geometric shape, defined as the set of all points in space that
are equidistant from a fixed point called the center. The distance from the center to any point on the sphere is called the
radius.
Cylinder - A cylinder is a three-dimensional geometric shape with two parallel, congruent circular bases connected by a
curved surface. It is a common shape in geometry and real-life applications, often associated with objects like cans, pipes, and
drums.
Torus - A torus is a three-dimensional geometric shape that resembles a doughnut or a ring. It is defined as a surface of
revolution formed by rotating a circle around an axis that is coplanar with the circle but does not pass through it.
Cone - A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape with a circular base and a single apex or vertex, where the sides taper
smoothly from the base to the apex. It is a common shape in geometry and has various real-world applications.
