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Aldol Condensation

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35 views15 pages

Aldol Condensation

Uploaded by

samikshananaware228
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ALDOL

CONDENSATION
PRESENTED BY: SAMIKSHA NANAWARE
INTRODUCTION
• Aldol condensation is a
fundamental organic
reaction that forms a
carbon-carbon bond.
It's used in many
industrial and academic
applications, including
the synthesis of natural
products.
INTRODUCTION TO ALDOL CONDENSATION

Aldol condensation is a reaction between two


carbonyl compounds. These compounds are
typically aldehydes and ketones, but sometimes
esters, and can even be enolizable compounds.
.

• Alpha-Hydrogen
The reaction involves the enolate of one
carbonyl compound, created by the removal of an
alpha-hydrogen, acting as a nucleophile.
• Carbonyl Compound
The nucleophilic enolate attacks the carbonyl
group of the second carbonyl compound. This
leads to the formation of a beta-hydroxy carbonyl
compound called an aldol.
MECHANISM OF ALDOL CONDENSATION
(base is used)

• Step 1: Formation of • Step 2: Nucleophilic


Enolate Attack
The base, commonly a The enolate attacks the
strong hydroxide ion, carbonyl carbon of
removes an alpha- another carbonyl
hydrogen from the compound, resulting in
carbonyl compound, the formation of an
forming the enolate. alkoxide intermediate
• Step 3: Protonation
The alkoxide
intermediate is
protonated by a water
molecule, giving the aldol
product.
CONDITIONS FOR ALDOL
CONDENSATION
Base Temperature
• Strong bases, such as • The reaction is typically
sodium hydroxide, are performed at moderate
needed to deprotonate temperatures.
the alpha-hydrogen. • High temperatures can
• The base must be lead to undesired side
strong enough to reactions.
efficiently generate the
enolate.
Solvent
• Polar solvents like
ethanol are common
because they help
dissolve the reactants
and promote enolate
formation.
RACTIVITY OF ALDEHYDE AND KETONE

• The reactivity of
aldehydes and ketones
in aldol condensation is
influenced by factors
like steric hindrance and
the electron-
withdrawing effect of
substituents.
ALDEHYDE KETONE

• More reactive because of • Less reactive due to steric


less steric hindrance and a hindrance and the smaller
greater electron- electron-withdrawing
withdrawing effect. effect.
EXAMPLE OF ALDOL CONDENSATION
TYPES OF ALDOL CONDENSATION
REACTION
Aldol condensation reactions are categorized based on
the types of carbonyl compounds involved.
• Crossed Aldol Condensation
This reaction involves two different carbonyl compounds.
• Intramolecular Aldol Condensation
The reaction occurs within the same molecule, typically
with a dicarbonyl compound.
• Double Aldol Condensation
Two aldol reactions occur in sequence to form a more
complex product.
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ALDOL CONDENSATION

Aldol condensation is very versatile and valuable yhing for organic synthesis

Advantages Limitations
• Forms a carbon-carbon • Can produce mixtures
bond. It's very useful in of products. It can be
making cyclic difficult to control
compounds and natural stereochemistry. It
products. It is a widely requires a specific set of
applicable reaction. conditions.
SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS

Aldol condensation has a broad range of applications in organic


synthesis.
• Synthesis of Natural Products
It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of various natural products,
including steroids and alkaloids.
• Industrial Processes
Aldol condensation is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals,
pesticides, and other fine chemicals.
• Research and Development
Chemists use aldol condensation as a powerful tool in organic
synthesis research, exploring new reactions and developing novel
molecules.
CONCLUSION AND KEY TAKEAWAYS

Aldol condensation is a
powerful tool for organic
synthesis, allowing for
the formation of new
carbon-carbon bonds.
The reaction can be
tailored for specific
needs by varying the
reactants, conditions,
and reaction type.

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