CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
CS322: Web Design and Development 2021

By:-Zelalem Abera MSC([email protected])

1.INTERNET
 Discussion
– What is a Network?
– What is the Internet?

– A network is a collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network

devices, peripherals, or other devices connected to one another to
allow the sharing of data
– Excellent example of a network is the Internet, which connects millions
of people all over the world.
1.What is Internet?

– It is the largest network in the world that connects hundreds of thousands of

individual networks all over the world.

– A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in

the world via dedicated routers and servers.

– When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and
receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and
computer programs.
Who owns the internet?

– No one!
– Although several organizations in the world over collaborate in
its functioning and development. The high-speed, fiber-optic
cables (called backbones) through which the bulk of the
Internet data travels are owned by telephone companies in
their respective countries.
 1.Internet…

– An Internet is a global network of

networks.
– The internet is made up of
independently operated networks(Fully
distributed) and there is no central
control which decides how packets(data)
are routed, who connects with whom
etc..
– All business decisions are made
independently by the operators.
 1.Internet…

– The utility of the internet is any device

can connect to any device ,just like you
want to make a phone calls to any other
telephone in the world.
– It was originally developed by the
Department of defense, this lack of
centralization made it less vulnerable to
wartime or terrorist attacks.
– Everyone will find that they use the
internet in one way or another whether it is
to research some information of simply talk
to friends
What does the Internet do?

– The Internet has one very simple job: to move computerized

information (known as data) from one place to another.
That's it!
– The machines that make up the Internet treat all the
information they handle in exactly the same way.
– In this respect, the Internet works a bit like the postal
service. Letters are simply passed from one place to another,
no matter who they are from or what messages they contain
What does the Internet do?

– All information is handled equally and passed on in exactly the

same way. Because the Internet is so simply designed, people
can easily use it to run new "applications"—new things that run
on top of the basic computer network.
– That's why, when two European inventors developed Skype, a
way of making telephone calls over the Net, they just had to
write a program that could turn speech into Internet data and
back again. No-one had to rebuild the entire Internet to
make Skype possible.
Why it is used?

– The Internet is used for many different things such as:

– Talking to friends – using programs such as Skype and Viber.
– Online shopping – buying items from the internet without leaving
your home using sites such as www.ebay.com
– Watching Videos – using websites such as www.youtube.com
– Research – using search engines such as www.google.com
– Downloading/listening to music – using programs such as lime
wire or sites such as www.ituens.com
Audience

– The intended audience for the internet is anyone and everyone in the
world who has access to a computer, there is no limit to the information
that can be found on the internet.
– The internet is used widely by the audience, mostly it used for
researching subjects and talking online. However it has many other
uses, one advantage of the internet is that it can be used for advertising
products and companies. If you put an advert for a product on a site that
is visited regularly it will become more popular.
– The audience uses the internet for personal use to make their life easier
and faster. The internet can enable the audience to find information
within minutes and also allows them to talk to people all over the world
wherever they are.
How does it affect the
audience?
– It affects the audience in a good way because it makes their
lives easier and less problematic.
– It enables them to do well in school and in work as they can
access information and advice easily.
– However it can also change a person in the way they think
and their lives in general, as the internet allows them to access
anything from anywhere in the world and this isn’t always a
good thing as extreme violence and other bad behaviors are
promoted.
Advantages and
Disadvantages
– The internet has many more advantages than it does
disadvantages according to researches
– Advantages:
– Allows easy and quick access to information
– Enables user to access files and information from any computer,
anywhere in the world
– People can check financial information, purchase products, talk to
people and much more online
– Downloading music – quick and easy
– User can send information quickly form computer to computer
Advantages and
Disadvantages…
– Advantages:
– E-Mail
– Voice and Video Conferencing
– E-Commerce
– Information browsing
– Search the web addresses for access through search engine
– Chatting and many more…
Advantages and
Disadvantages…
– Disadvantages:-

– It promotes violence and bad behavior within society, as it contains violent videos and
other disturbing images.
– It can encourage negative activities such as pornography and pedophilia, these things
can now be explored more openly due to internet
– It stops children from going out, as they wish to stay home and use the internet to talk to
friends etc.
– Theft of personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc.
– Virus threats - nothing but a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your
system.
– Spamming - refers to receiving unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and
needlessly obstruct the entire system.
How to access the Internet?

– To access the Internet, an existing network need to pay a small

registration fee and agree to certain standards based on the
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) reference
model.
– Each organization pays for its own networks and its own telephone
bills, but those costs usually exist independent of the internet.
– The regional Internet companies route and forward all traffic, and
the cost is still only that of a local telephone call.
How to access the Internet?

– Many schools and businesses have direct access to the Internet using
special high-speed communication lines and equipment.
– Students and employees can access through the organization’s local
area networks (LAN) or through their own personal computers.
– Another way to access the Internet is through Internet Service
Provider (ISP).
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

– A commercial organization with permanent connection to the

Internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
– Examples:
ETC,Prodigy, America Online, Microsoft network, AT&T Networks.
Wake up Quiz

– How do you define the internet?

– Give one Advantage of the internet?
– Give one Disadvantage of the internet?
– The internet is centralized true/false?
– The intended audience for the internet is ________?
2.HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET
History of the Internet

• Three Major Players in Internet History

Fun Facts

Early 90s terms which are changed because of internet

– Surfing
search for a perfect wave
– Mail
only delivered by the post office
– Online
waiting behind someone at the movie theater
– Server
waitress at your favorite café.
History of the Internet

– The creation of the Internet is dependent on mankind’s earlier innovations

– 1836 - Telegraph by Cooke and Wheatstone
• Revolutionized human (tele)communications.
• Morse Code a series of dots and dashes used to communicate between humans.
This is similar to how computers communicate via (binary 0/1) data today.
Although it is much slower!!
– 1858-1866 - Transatlantic cable. Allowed direct instantaneous communication
across the Atlantic. Today, cables connect all continents and are still a main hub
of telecommunications
– 1876 - Telephone. Alexander Graham Bell Exhibits.
• Telephones exchanges provide the backbone of Internet connections today.
• Modems provide Digital to Audio conversions to allow computers to connect over
the telephone network.
 History of the Internet

Political Events
1940’s to 1980’s - U.S. vs. Soviet Cold War
1957- U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik. The
US forms the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) within the
Department of Defense (DoD) to build
US skills in computer technology.
– The start of global
telecommunications. Satellites play
an important role in transmitting all
sorts of data today.
 History of the Internet
ARPA Created
1957 - In response, US forms the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the
Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead
in science and technology applicable to the military.
1962 - Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head ARPA's
research in improving the military's use of
computer technology.
– Licklider was a visionary who sought to make the
government's use of computers more interactive.
– moved ARPA's contracts from the private sector to
universities and laid the foundations for what
would become the ARPANET.
History of the Internet..
History of the Internet

Packet-Switching is Key
1962-1968 - Packet-switching (PS) networks developed
– The Internet relies on packets to transfer data.
– Data is split into tiny packets that may take different routes to a
destination.
The origin is military : for utmost security in transferring information of
networks (no single outage point).
– More than one route available -- if one route goes down another may be
followed.
– Networks can withstand large scale destruction (Nuclear attack - This was
the time of the Cold War).
 History of the Internet
– The Birth of the Internet
– 1969: The ARPANET computer network is launched, initially linking
together four scientific institutions in California and Utah
– In 1969 ARPA developed a special computer called the Interface
Message Processor(Honeywell 516 mini computer with 12K of memory
developed by Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) )

– The first communications were between a research center at the

University of California at Los Angeles and a center at the
Stanford Research Institute.
– The plan was unprecedented: Kleinrock, a pioneering computer
science professor at UCLA, and his small group of graduate students
hoped to log onto the Stanford computer and try to send it some
data
History of the Internet

– The first program used by ARPANET was the Network Control

Program. In 1983 it was replaced by TCP/IP internet protocol
which became the most widely used network protocol in the
world.
– In 1990 ARPANET was transferred to NSFNET (National
Science Foundations net) which was then connected to the
CSNET (Computer Science net) this linked Universities
around North America.
– It was then connected to the EUNET (European network) that
connected research centers in Europe.
 History of the internet

Steve Crocker
developed ARPANET
network protocol

Jon Postel Mike Wingfield

developed Domain Name Wingfield built the
Vinton Cerf System, FTP, Telnet, and hardware interface
develop TCP/IP the Internet Protocol. between the UCLA
computer and the first IMP

Bill Naylor
History of the internet

E-mail
– Program developed by Ray Tomlinson in 1972
– @ symbol was introduced
– 1973 -75% of the traffic was E-mail
 History of the internet
1973 - Global Networking becomes a reality
– First international connections to the ARPANET:
University College of London (England) and Royal
Radar Establishment (Norway)
1974 - Packets become mode of transfer
– Transmission Control Program (TCP) specified. Packet
network Intercommunication -- the basis of Internet
Communication.
– Telenet, a commercial version of ARPANET, opened -- the
first public packet data service.
1976 - Networking comes to many
– Queen Elizabeth sends out an e-mail.
 History of the internet

- TCP/IP defines future communication •DCA and ARPA

1982
establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly
known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET.
– Leads to one of the first definitions of an Internet as a
connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP.
1983 - Internet gets larger
Name server developed.
– There is such a large number of nodes that its hard to
remember exact paths
– Use meaningful names instead.
History of the internet

Domain Name
– In 1984, the development of domain name services
introduced to people
– To easily find and identify computers linked to the internet
 History of the internet
The World Wide Web
– In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee coined the term
– It saved the internet
– Created three things necessary for a working web
– First web server
– First web browser called worldwideweb later
known as NEXUS,but doesn’t display graphics
– Web page
History of the internet

1990 and on
– Fueled by the popularity of the web, the use of the internet
exploded after 1990, this forced the US Government to
turnover management of the net to independent
organizations beginning in 1995.
– That brings us to the modern day use of the World Wide Web
(www.)
History of the internet

WWW
– In 1992, a group of students and researchers at the University of Illinois
developed a sophisticated browser that they called Mosaic, later
known as Netscape.
– It offered a user-friendly way to search the Web: like allowing users to
see words and pictures on the same page for the first time and to
navigate using scrollbars and clickable links.
– That same year, Congress decided that the Web could be used for
commercial purposes. As a result, companies of all kinds hurried to set
up websites of their own, and e-commerce entrepreneurs began to use
the Internet to sell goods directly to customers.
History of the internet

1993 - The WWW Revolution

truly begins
– Number of Hosts 2 Million.
600 WWW sites.
– The Mosaic Web browser is
released (by a group of 10
students from U of I at
Champaign-Urbana) on the
Net, gaining 2 million and
fueling a 341,634% annual
growth rate for Web traffic.
History of the internet

1993 - The WWW Revolution truly begins

– The White House opens its Web page and the President gets an
e-mail address.
• Business and Media really take notice of
the Internet.

• Mosaic takes the Internet by storm.

– User Friendly Graphical Front End to the World Wide
Web.
– Develops into Netscape -- most popular WWW browser to
date.
History of the internet

Mosaic
– Released in 1993
– First Internet Web Browser
– First commercial software with graphical access to the
content on the internet
– Very slow
– Did not handle loading pictures well
History of the internet

Browser Wars
– Netscape was the standard until 1998.
– Microsoft internet explorer snagged 96% of the browser
market.
– IE has only recently been challenged by the Mozilla browser
and Google Chrome.
History of the internet

The explosion of the internet

– 1994 - 2000, internet exploded during this period.
– The first commercial website amazon.com.
– In 1994 the world wide web grew by an astounding 2300%.
– Amazon saw the online shopping was the wave of the future.
– The rest is history.
History of the internet

Internet Stats
– 1996 – Approx. 45 million people using internet
– 1999 – 150 million users
– 2000 – 407 million users
– 2004 – between 600 – 800 million users
– 2009 – more than 1.5 billion users and increasing
– 2016 – (Mid 2016) Around 4.4 billion users
Wake up Quiz

– 1. The three major players behind the creation of internet

are____?
– 2. The major reason behind the creation of internet is__?
– 3. The year internet come to life is____?
– 4.The first web browser is__?
– 5.Can the internet withstand the atomic bomb ?how?
Summery

– 1969--The Birth of the Internet,ARPANET computer network is

launched, initially linking together four scientific institutions in
California and Utah
– 1972--E-mail Program developed by Ray Tomlinson in 1972
– 1983 ---ARPANET adopted tcp/ip that lead a way to become the modern internet
– In 1984---the development of domain name services
– In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee coined the term www
– First web server
– First web browser called worldwideweb
– Web page

– In 1993--Mosaic---first worlds popular browser,