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1. Introduction to Database (2)

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alfashuhija01
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Database Concepts

ITT 06103
ODIT II, ODA-IT II, ODMM II & ODCS II
Lecture 1
Definitions of basic terms

Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and
events or

Referred to facts concerning objects and events that
could be recorded and stored on computer media

Structured: numbers, text, dates

Unstructured: images, video, documents

Information: data processed to increase knowledge in
the person using the data

Metadata: data that describes the properties and
context of user data
Definitions of Database

Def 1: Database is an organized collection of
logically related data

Def 2: A database is a shared collection of logically
related data that is stored to meet the requirements of
different users of an organization

Def 3: A database is a self-describing collection of
integrated records

Def 4: A database models a particular real world
system in the computer in the form of data
What is a Database

Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.

System catalog (metadata) provides description of
data to enable program–data independence.

Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an organization’s
information.
Examples of Database Applications

Purchases from the supermarket

Purchases using your credit card

Booking a holiday at the travel agents

Using the local library

Taking out insurance

Renting a video

Using the Internet

Studying at university
Figure 1-1a Data in Context

Context helps users understand data


Graphical displays turn data into useful information
that managers can use for decision making and
interpretation
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data
context
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing

Product
Planning Control Sales
Development

Corporate
Database

Accounting Manufacturing

Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
A bit of History

Computer initially used for computational/ engineering
purposes

Commercial applications introduced File Processing
System
File Processing System

A collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users such as production of
reports

Each program defines and manages its own data
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration


Applications Applications Applications

Library Examination Registration


Data Data Data
Files Files Files

Program and Data Interdependence


File Processing Systems

Library Examination Registration


Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class
Files Based Processing
Disadvantages of File Processing

Program-Data Dependence

File structure is defined in the program code.

All programs maintain metadata for each file they use

Duplication of Data (Data Redundancy)

Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data

Same data is held by different programs.

Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for
the same item.

Limited Data Sharing

No centralized control of data

Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access
each other’s files.
Disadvantages of File Processing

Lengthy Development Times

Programmers must design their own file formats

Excessive Program Maintenance

80% of of information systems budget

Vulnerable to Inconsistency

Change in one table need changes in corresponding tables as well
otherwise data will be inconsistent
Problems with Data Dependency

Each application programmer must maintain their
own data

Each application program needs to include code
for the metadata of each file

Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting, updating
and deleting data

Lack of coordination and central control

Non-standard file formats
Problems with Data Redundancy

Waste of space to have duplicate data

Causes more maintenance headaches

The biggest problem:

When data changes in one file, could cause
inconsistencies (Vulnerable to Inconsistency)

Compromises data integrity (data reliability)
SOLUTION:
The DATABASE Approach

Central repository of shared data

Data is managed by a controlling agent

Stored in a standardized, convenient form

This requires a
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)
Advantages of Database Approach
Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration


Applications Applications Applications

Database
Management
System

- Data Sharing - Data Independence


Controlled RedundancyUniversity- Better Data Integrity
Students
Database
Database Management System

A software system that is used to create, maintain,
and provide controlled access to users of a database

(Database) application program: A computer program
that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS
Database Management System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

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