UNIVERSITY OF JUBA

SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING
CLASS: 5TH YEAR, SEMESTER IX

COURSE: SEMINAR
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 CHANGE DETECTION ALONG THE SOUTH
SUDAN NILE WATER BASIN

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 Group Members
S/N Names Index Number
1 Kuoirot Chol Kuoirot 17-CN-181
2 James Yanga Mathew 17-CN-143
3 Juma Samuel Elias 17-CN-169
4 Sarah Yasmin Wilson 17-CN-309
5 Biding Phar Tap 17-CN-055
6 Deng Jospeh James 17-CN-079
7 Romundo Aguer Mawien 17-CN-289

8 Peter Yai Deng 16-CN-196

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 Table of Contents
1. Introduction

2. Study Area

3. Drivers and Indicators of LULCCs

4. Methodology

5. Data Processing and Analysis

6. Significance of Change Detection in Hydrogeology

7. Summary

8. Conclusion
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 Learning Objectives
 To understand how the changes occurred and the purpose of change detection

 To know the drivers and indicators of land use land cover changes (LULCCs)

 To know the methodology used in acquiring and classifying the data

 To know how to process, convert and analyze the data based on different procedures

 To understand the significance of change detection in hydrogeological aspects

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 Introduction
 Change Detection is the process of identifying differences in the state of an

object or phenomena by observing it at different time (Soliman et al., 2011)

 LULC (Land use land cover ) change is a major issue of concern with

regards to change in the global environment (Qian et al., 2007)

 LULCCs respond to socioeconomic, political, cultural, demographic and

environmental conditions and forces which are largely characterized by

high human populations (Masek et al., 2000)
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 Cont.…..
 According to (Barros et al., 2004), the rapid growth and expansion of urban

centres among the many drivers of LULCC in the world today are ;
i. Rapid population growth Aerial view of the Bahr-El-Jebel and Juba, RSS

ii. Scarcity of land

iii. The need for more production

iv. Changing technologies

(https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River/
additional-info#/media/1/415347/158248)
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 Purpose of Change Detection
 To identify and map when and where changes happen on the Earth's surface

 To analyze the changes detected in the area of focus

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 Study Area
 The area of focus is along the South Sudan Nile water Basin

 The Nile in South Sudan has (Sudd wetland) one of the world's largest wetland

with a permanently flooded area in excess of 10,000 km2 (Howell et al., 1988)
 According to (Deirmendjian et al., 2020), the Nile River Basin is one of the
longest watercourses globally at the;
o length of 6,695 km
o flows northwards
o drains into the Mediterranean Sea
o it covers about one-tenth of African continental area
o drains a total land area of 3,176,541 km2
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 Map of the Study Area

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 Drivers and Indicators of LULCCs
 Drivers of the observed changes include;

i. Climatic factors such as rainfall and drought

ii. Socio-economic factors such as human interventions
 Indicators of the observed changes include;

i. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere

ii. Loss of biological diversity
iii. Conversion and fragmentation of natural vegetation areas
iv. Accelerated emission of greenhouse gases

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 Methodology
Data Acquisition

Source- Satellite data

 USGS Earth Explorer website

 LANDSAT 8 & 9 (2015, 2019 and 2023)

 For the specific month

 Cloud covered below 10% https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

 Comprised of Multi-temporal satellite Images

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 Supervised Classification
 The following are the steps to perform a supervised classification:

i. Identify the input bands

ii. Produce training samples from known locations of desired classes

iii. Develop a signature file

iv. View and edit the signature file if necessary

v. Run the classification (Maximum likelihood)

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 Data Processing and Analysis
Data Processing
ArcMap software is used for processing of the images
The processing can be performed with toolsets as follows:

i.Clean: Remove unnecessary fields or modify missing fields

ii.Construct: Create fields derived from existing fields/properties of the layer

Format: Change the format of the fields or reorganize the fields

iii.

Integrate: Integrate or add data from another data source to the input table
iv.

v.Output datasets: Choose the output type to write and store the result

The above steps inform of the various toolsets are repeated for the desired years
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 Conversion from Raster to Vector
The conversion of raster to vector dataset is known as
Raster – Vector Data Model
vectorization which allows to widen the applicability of
the data

The raster data are made of pixels or grid cells and can

be represented by;
i. Discrete - categorical data (e.g. land cover map)

ii.Non-discrete - continuous data (e.g. satellite images,

surface data)

Then, the raster dataset can be converted to vector

(Dhanashri, 2015)
point, polyline or polygon
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 Data Analysis
 After conversion of the data, identify the changes by a process known as geostatistic

 Geostatistic involves applying statistical methods to analyse and interpret the data

 The steps required for the data analyses to be carried out are as follows;

i. Quantitatively, assess the LULC transition between time intervals

ii. Estimate the net change, persistence and specific LULC transition data

iii. Estimate the data in the map and geographical forms

iv. Group the LULC transition into sub-models based on origin

v. Then identify the dominant LULC transitions from one class to another
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 Examples of the Multi-temporal Satellite Images in LULCCs
 The satellite images acquired demonstrates the transition of the land cover types (colored)
within a comparable period of time with the observation being done using an aided eye

a) January, 2015 b) March, 2019 c) May, 2023

Vegetation Grassland Water body Bare land
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 Significance of Change Detection in
Hydrogeology
 Change detection can be used to monitor the movement of contaminants in groundwater

 It helps to identify changes in groundwater levels, flow patterns and quality over time by

a process known as sensitivity analysis

 It helps to coordinate water resources management for coping with environmental

changes in the Nile Basin, considering the intricate coupling between LULCC,
hydrology, and socioeconomic development
 Accuracy assessments and ground verifications are necessary tools for corrections and

adjustments of the data which can be used to validate hydrological map classifications

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 Summary
 Change Detection is the identification of an object state by observing it at different time

 The indicators provides insights into the drivers of change along the Nile River Basin

 The Images acquired may be classified, processed and vectorized for input into a vector GIS

 After classification, ground truth data can be collected using (GPS) in the form of reference

points which is necessary for the corrections and adjustments of the data

 The analysis is then done to compare the land cover transition between time intervals

 Climate and water variability drove the significant LULC transitions in the Nile Basin

 Remote sensing and GIS are therefore used to monitor the LULCs between time intervals

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 Conclusion
 This topic is a detailed review of change detection methods that can be apply on different

study areas, for example the Nile River Basin

 LULC dynamics modify the availability of different important resources including

vegetation, soil, water and others

 The multi-temporal satellite images are prerequisites for determining the change and

selection of appropriate change detection algorithms to achieve good change results

along the Nile Basin

 The analysis of the remote sensing data and supplementary information supported the

detection of the areas prone to flooding, drought and human activities along the Nile
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 References
 Cheruto, M. C., & Patrick Kariuki, M. P. (2016). Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover

Change Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study of Makueni County,
Kenya. South Eastern Kenya University. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vol 5(4)
 Chughtai, A. H., & Ismail Rakip Karas , H. (2021). A review on change detection method

and accuracy assessment for land use land cover. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and
Environment, Vol. 22
 Introduction (Congalton, 1940) (Abubaker Omer) (Congalton & American Society for

Photogrammetry and Remote S, Exploring and Evaluating the Consequences of Vector-to-

Raster and Raster-to-Vector Conversion, 1997). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote
Sensing, Vol. 63(4), pp. 425-434
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 Cont.……
 Lemenkova, P. (2023). Image Segmentation of the Sudd Wetlands in South Sudan for

Environmental Analytics. Analytics, Vol. 2, pp. 745-780

 Omer, A., & Alexandra Gemitzi, X. (2023). Transboundary Nile basin dynamics: land use

change, drivers and hydrological impacts under socioeconomic pathways. Jiangsu:

University of Thrace. Ecological Indicators, Vol. 153

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