Object Oriented

Programming
Dr. Bharat Singh
PhD, CSE
• Introduction
• Defining a class
• Fields Declaration
• Methods declaration
• Creating Objects
• Accessing Class Members
• Constructors
• Self argument
• Static Members
What is Object Oriented
Programming?
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm based on the concept of "objects".

• The object contains both data and code: Data in the form of
properties (often known as attributes), and code, in the form
of methods (actions object can perform).
What is Object Oriented
Programming ?

• An object-oriented paradigm is to design the program

using classes and objects.
• Python programming language supports different
programming approaches like functional
programming, modular programming.
• One of the popular approaches is object-oriented
programming (OOP) to solve a programming problem
is by creating objects
What is Object Oriented
Programming in Python
• An object has the following two characteristics:
• Attribute
• Behavior

• For example, A Car is an object, as it has the following properties:

• name, price, color as attributes
• breaking, acceleration as behavior
Class and Objects
• A class is a blueprint for the object. To create an object we require a
model or plan or blueprint which is nothing but class.

• A class contains the properties (attribute) and action (behavior) of the

object. Properties represent variables, and the methods represent
actions. Hence class includes both variables and methods.

• Object is an instance of a class. The physical existence of a class is

nothing but an object. In other words, the object is an entity that has
a state and behavior. It may be any real-world object like the mouse,
keyboard, laptop, etc.
Class and Objects
• Every object has the following properties.
• Identity: Every object must be uniquely identified.
• State: An object has an attribute that represents a state of an object, and it
also reflects the property of an object.
• Behavior: An object has methods that represent its behavior.

An object is a real-life entity.

It is the collection of various data and functions that operate on those
data.
Class and Objects
Class and Objects
Class and Objects
Class and Objects
Create a Class
In Python, class is defined by using the class keyword.

• class class_name:
• '''This is a docstring. I have created a new class'''
• <statement 1>
• <statement 2> class ClassName:
• . initializer
• .
methods
• <statement N>
Example: Define a class in Python
• In this example, we are creating a Person Class with name, sex, and
profession instance variables.
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, sex, profession):
# data members (instance variables)
self.name = name
self.sex = sex
self.profession = profession

# Behavior (instance methods)

def show(self):
print('Name:', self.name, 'Sex:', self.sex, 'Profession:', self.profession)

# Behavior (instance methods)

def work(self):
print(self.name, 'working as a', self.profession)
Example
# Python3 program to demonstrate instantiating# a class
class Person:
# A simple class attribute
attr1 = "smart boy"
attr2 = "smart girl"

# A sample method
def fun(self):
print("I am a", self.attr1)
print("I am a", self.attr2)

# Driver code, Object instantiation

Rodger = Person()

# Accessing class attributes, and method through objects

print(Rodger.attr1)
Rodger.fun()
Create Object of a Class
• The object is created using the class name.
• When we create an object of the class, it is called instantiation.
• The object is also called the instance of a class.

• <object-name> = <class-name>(<arguments>)

• for example
• jessa = Person('Jessa', 'Female', 'Software Engineer')
# Python program to demonstrate instantiating a class
class Person:
# A simple class attribute
attr1 = "smart boy"
attr2 = "smart girl"

# A sample method
def fun(self):
print("I am a", self.attr1)
print("I am a", self.attr2)

def greet(self):
print("hope you are doing well")
# Driver code
# Object instantiation
Rodger = Person()

# Accessing class attributes and method through objects

print(Rodger.attr1)
print(Rodger.attr2)
Rodger.fun()
Rodger.greet()
 Object Creation
class Student:

# initialize instance variable

def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

# instance Method
def show(self):
print('Hello, my name is', self.name)

# create object using constructor

s1 = Student('Emma')
s1.show()
Example: class Person:
def __init__(self, name, sex, profession):
# data members (instance variables)
self.name = name
self.sex = sex
self.profession = profession

# Behavior (instance methods)

def show(self):
print('Name:', self.name, 'Sex:', self.sex, 'Profession:', self.profession)

# Behavior (instance methods)

def work(self):
print(self.name, 'working as a', self.profession)

# create object of a class

jessa = Person('Jessa', 'Female', 'Software Engineer')

# call methods
jessa.show()
jessa.work()
Constructor
• A constructor is a special method used to create and initialize an object of a class.
• Constructors are used to initializing the object’s state.
• This method is defined in the class.
• The constructor is executed automatically at the time of object creation.
• The primary use of a constructor is to declare and initialize data member/ instance
variables of a class. The constructor contains a collection of statements (i.e., instructions)
that executes at the time of object creation to initialize the attributes of an object.

• For example, when we execute obj = ClassName(), Python gets to know that obj
is an object of ClassName and calls the constructor of that class to create an
object.
• On the other hand, a destructor is used to destroy the object.
Constructor
• In Python, Object creation is divided into two parts in Object Creation
and Object initialization

• Internally, the __new__ is the method that creates the object

• And, using the __init__() method we can implement constructor to
initialize the object.
Syntax of a constructor
def __init__(self):
# body of the constructor

• def: The keyword is used to define function.

• __init__() Method: It is a reserved method. This method gets called
as soon as an object of a class is instantiated.
• self: The first argument self refers to the current object.
 Create a Constructor in Python
class Student:
• In this example, we’ll
# constructor
create a Class Student # initialize instance variable
with an instance def __init__(self, name):
variable student print('Inside Constructor')
name. we’ll see how self.name = name
print('All variables initialized')
to use a constructor
to initialize the # instance Method
student name at the def show(self):
time of object print('Hello, my name is', self.name)
creation.
# create object using constructor
s1 = Student('Emma')
s1.show()
Constructor Example
# Sample class with init method
class Person:

# init method or constructor

def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

# Sample Method
def say_hi(self):
print('Hello, my name is', self.name)

p = Person('Nikhil')
p.say_hi()
Constructor
• Note:

• For every object, the constructor will be executed only once. For
example, if we create four objects, the constructor is called four
times.
• In Python, every class has a constructor, but it’s not required to define
it explicitly. Defining constructors in class is optional.
• Python will provide a default constructor if no constructor is defined.
Types of Constructors
• In Python, we have the following
three types of constructors.

1. Default Constructor
2. Non-parametrized constructor
3. Parameterized constructor
 Default Constructor
• Python will provide a default constructor if no constructor
is defined. Python adds a default constructor when we do
not include the constructor in the class or forget to
declare it. It does not perform any task but initializes the class Employee:
objects. It is an empty constructor without a body.
def display(self):
• If you do not implement any constructor in your class or print('Inside Display')
forget to declare it, the Python inserts a default
constructor into your code on your behalf. This emp = Employee()
constructor is known as the default constructor. emp.display()

• It does not perform any task but initializes the objects. It is

an empty constructor without a body.
• If you implement your constructor, then the default
constructor will not be added.
 Non-Parametrized Constructor
class Company:
• A constructor without any # no-argument constructor
arguments is called a non- def __init__(self):
parameterized constructor. This self.name = "PYnative"
self.address = "ABC Street"
type of constructor is used to
initialize each object with default # a method for printing data members
values. def show(self):
print('Name:', self.name, 'Address:', self.address)

# creating object of the class

• This constructor doesn’t accept the cmp = Company()
arguments during object creation.
# calling the instance method using the object
Instead, it initializes every object cmp.show()
with the same set of values.
Parameterized Constructor
class Employee:
# parameterized constructor
• A constructor with defined parameters or def __init__(self, name, age, salary):
arguments is called a parameterized self.name = name
constructor. We can pass different values self.age = age
to each object at the time of creation self.salary = salary
using a parameterized constructor.
# display object
def show(self):
• The first parameter to constructor is self print(self.name, self.age, self.salary)
that is a reference to the being
constructed, and the rest of the # creating object of the Employee class
arguments are provided by the emma = Employee('Emma', 23, 7500)
emma.show()
programmer.
• A parameterized constructor can have kelly = Employee('Kelly', 25, 8500)
any number of arguments. kelly.show()
Constructor With Default Values
class Student:
# constructor with default values age and classroom
• Python allows us to define a def __init__(self, name, age=12, classroom=7):
constructor with default values. self.name = name
self.age = age
The default value will be used if self.classroom = classroom
we do not pass arguments to the
# display Student
constructor at the time of object def show(self):
creation. print(self.name, self.age, self.classroom)

# creating object of the Student class

emma = Student('Emma')
emma.show()

kelly = Student('Kelly', 13)

Emma 12 7 kelly.show()
Kelly 13 7
Thank You