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Module 4 Data Management Mmw

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28 views

Module 4 Data Management Mmw

Uploaded by

jpp096801
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 4

STATISTICS AND
PROBABILITY
“If at first you won’t succeed, try two
or more times, so that your failure is
statistically significant”
WHAT IS STATISTICS?
TYPES OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTCS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

GIVE DRAWING CONCLUSIONS


INFORMATION
THAT DESCRIBES A BASE FROM THE SAMPLES.
DATA
IN SOME MANNER.
SOURCES OF DATA

PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES

NEWSPAPERS
SURVEYS

JOURNAL
INTERVIEWS
RESEARCH PAPER
DIRECT
OBSERVATIONS
METHODS
OF DATA COLLECTION
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

01 OBSERVATI
ON
02 EXPERIMENTATI
ON
03 SIMULATIO
N
04 INTERVIE
W
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

05 PANEL
METHOD
06 MAIL
SURVEY
07 PROJECT
TECHNIQUES
08 SOCIOMET
RY
TOOLS FOR DATA
COLLECTION

TYPES OF TOOLS

CONSTRUCTING SCHEDULES AND


QUESTIONNAIRES

PILOT STUDIES AND


PRETEST
TYPES OF TOOLS


OBSERVATION SCHEDULE

INTERVIEW GUIDE AND
SCHEDULE

QUESTIONNAIRES

RATING SCALE

CHECKLISTS

DATA SHEET

INSTITUTION’S SCHEDULE
MEASURES OF
CENTRAL TENDENCY

Measures of central tendency provides a single


value that indicates the general magnitude of the
data and this single value provides information
about the characteristics of the data by identifying
the value at or near the central location of the data.
Measures of Central
Tendency

Mean

Median

Mode
Mean
Mean for sample is denoted by symbol ‘M or x̅
(‘x-bar’)’ and mean for population is denoted by
‘µ’ (mu). It is one of the most commonly used
measures of central tendency and is often
referred to as average. It can also be termed as
one of the most sensitive measure of central
tendency as all the scores in a data are taken in
to consideration when it is computed. Further
statistical techniques can be computed based
on mean, thus, making it even more useful.
Median
Median is a point in any distribution below and above which
lie half of the scores. The symbol for median is ‘Md’. Median
is the middle score in an ordered distribution’. If we take the
example discussed earlier of the marks obtained by 100
students in a psychology test, these marks are to be
arranged in an order, either ascending or descending. The
middle score in this distribution is then identified as median.
Though this would seem easy for an odd number of scores,
in case of even number of scores a certain procedure is
followed that will be discussed when we learn how to
compute median later in this unit.
Mode
How to choose a measure of
central tendency?
Mean
Now as we have developed a fair idea
about the three measures of central
tendency, we will move on to learn how
to compute them. While computing each
of these measures, we will do so for
ungrouped and grouped data.
Ungrouped and grouped data are
explained as follows:
Mean
Now as we have developed a fair idea
about the three measures of central
tendency, we will move on to learn how
to compute them. While computing each
of these measures, we will do so for
ungrouped and grouped data.
Ungrouped and grouped data are
explained as follows:
Mean
Ungrouped data: Any data that has not
been categorized in any way is termed
as an ungrouped data. For example, we
have an individual who is 25 years old,
another who is 30 years old and yet
another individual who is 50 years old.
These are independent figures and not
organiszed in any way, thus they are
ungrouped data.
Mean
Grouped data: A data that is categories
or organised is termed as grouped data.
Mainly such data is organised in
frequency distribution. For example, we
can have age range 26- 30 years, 31- 35
years, 36- 40 years and so on. Grouped
data are convenient especially when the
data is large.
Computing for Mean
The formula for computing mean for
ungrouped data is
M = ΣX/ N
Where,
M = Mean
ΣX= Summation of scores in the
distribution
N = Total number of scores.
Computing for Mean
The formula for computing mean for
grouped data is
M = ΣfX/ N
Where, M= Mean
∑= Summation
X= Midpoint of the distribution f =
The respective frequency N = Total
number of scores.
Median

Odd data:

Even data:
Median
Mode
Let us now learn how to compute mode for
an ungrouped data with the help of the
following example: 58 34 32 47 74 67 35 34
30 39 The mode can be calculated in simple
manner by just counting the scores that
appears maximum number of times in the
data. In our example, the score occurring
maximum number of times is 34, that occurs
twice. Thus the mode is 34.
Mode

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