FEEE

ECE1002
LECTURES 9, 10 &11:
NETWORK THEOREMS

SUPERPOSITION, NORTON’S
AND
MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER
 SUPERPOSITION
APPLICATI THEOREM
ON

Circuit with more than one energy/power supply units

2
 SUPERPOSITION
APPLICATI THEOREM
ON

System with more than one energy sources

3
 SUPERPOSITI
PRINCIPLE ON
•Helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than
one independent source.
•Itis used to determine the value of some circuit
variable (voltage across or current through a particular
impedence)
•Itis applied by calculating the contribution of
each independent source separately.
•The output of a circuit is determined by summing
the individual responses of each independent source.
•The idea of superposition rests on the linearity
property 4
 SUPERPOSITI
PRINCIPLE ON
•Helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than
one independent source.
The superposition principle states that the voltage across (or
current through) an element in a linear circuit is the
algebraic sum of the voltages across (or currents through)
that element due to each independent source acting alone.

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 SUPERPOSITI
ON PROPERTY
LINEARITY – ADDITIVE
•The response to a sum of inputs is the sum of the responses to
each input applied separately.

6
 SUPERPOSITI
ON PROPERTY
LINEARITY – ADDITIVE
•Example: Ohm’s Law
Voltage (output) developed across a resistor in response to
applied current (input)
v 1  i 1 R (for applied current i1)
and
v 2  i 2 (for applied current i2)
R applying current (i1 + i2) gives
Then
v  (i 1  i 2 ) R  i 1 R  i 2 R 
v1  v 2 7
 SUPERPOSITION

STATEMENT
•In any linear bilateral network containing two
or more independent sources (voltage and/or
current sources), the resultant current / voltage
in any branch is the algebraic sum of currents /
voltages caused by each independent source
(with all other independent sources turned off).

8
 SUPERPOSITION

Superposition theorem for two independent sources

(either voltage or current).
9
 SUPERPOSITION
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE APPLYING
SUPERPOSITION:
•To turn off a voltage source: Replace by its internal
resistance (for non-ideal source) or short circuit (for ideal
source).
•To turn off a current source: Replace by its internal
resistance (for non-ideal source) or open circuit (for ideal
source).
•The dependent sources should not be zeroed. They remain the
same for every particular solution with each independent 10
 SUPERPOSITION
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND WHILE APPLYING
SUPERPOSITION:

•To turn off a voltage source,

•To turn off a current source,

11
 SUPERPOSITI
STEPS TO APPLY ON
•Step-1: Retain one source at a time in the circuit and replace all
other sources with their internal resistances.
•Step-2: Determine the output (current or voltage) due to the
single source acting alone using any circuit analysis techniques
(mesh, node, transformations etc.).
•Step-3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for every independent source.
•Step-4: Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the
contributions due to all the independent sources.
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Ex.1
Ex.1 Solution
Ex.1 Solution
 NUMERICAL
Q2. Use superposition to find current flowing through the 3-Ω
resistor.

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 NUMERICA
L  i2  i3
iT
Solution: Since there are three sources, i 
i1

20 + 1 4
V - Ω Ω
First consider 20V source only
2 i
R e  4 (3 1)  2  Ω 3
1
q 43 Ω
1 5
i 1   2.5A
4
20
i 4 
T
14 3  (currentdivision)
5A; 4 18
 NUMERIC
AL
Then consider 2 A source
2 A
only -
+ 2 V
Source
1 4 Transformatio 4
Ω Ω n Ω
1
Ω
2 i 2 i
Ω 3 Ω 3
Ω
2 Ω
2

42
R  4  1 3 
e
q
5.3322
iT  i2  iT 
 5.33 0.375A; 0.375A 19
 NUMERICAL

1 4
Ω Ω

16
Finally consider 16V source only 2
Ω
- V
i +
3 3
Ω

42
R  4  1 3 
e
q i
5.33 2
iT  16  3A;  i 3 3  T
i3 
5.33  2 1 1A;
23 1A
20
 NUMERICAL
=> Current flowing through 3-Ω resistor is
i  i1  i 2  i 3  2 . 5  0 . 3 7 5  1 1 . 8 7 5 A


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 SUPERPOSITION
Example 2: Calculate the current Iab flowing through the 3Ω
resistor using the superposition theorem.

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 SUPERPOSITI
Solution:
ON
Step 1: Consider only the 3A current source on the left

2 6
I1(dueto3 Acurrent
source)
 37  A(atob)
current division concept 7

Step 2: Consider only the 2V voltage source on the left

I 2(dueto 2V votagesource)  0A(a tob)

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 3: Consider only the 1V voltage source
1
I 3 ( d u et o 1 V v o t a g e s o u rc e )   7 A( a to b )

Step 4: Consider only the 3A current source on the right

2 6
I 4 ( d u e t o 3 A c u r r e n t s o u rc e )  3 7 7
A(atob)

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 SUPERPOSITION
Step 5: Consider only the 2V voltage source
on the right
2
I 5 ( d u et o 1 V vo t a g es o u rce )   7 A( a to b )

Step 6: Resultant current Iab flowing through 3Ω resistor due to

the combination of all sources
I a b  I 1( dueto 3 Av o t a g e source )  I 2( d u e t o 2 V votage source )  I 3(dueto1V votage
source)

I 4 ( d u e t o 3 Av o t a g e source )  I 5( d u e t o 2 V votage source )

7 7 7 7 7
6 1 6 2 9 25
  0      1.285 A(a to b)
 SUPERPOSITI
LIMITATIONS ON
1. It doesn’t work for calculation of power.
• Power calculation is not linear operation.

Example:
• When current i1 flows through resistor R, the power is P1 = Ri12,
When current i2 flows through R, the power is P2 = Ri22

• If current i1 + i2 flows through R, the power absorbed is

P3 = R (i1 + i2)2 = Ri12 + Ri2 2 + 2Ri1i2 ≠ P1
+ P2. 26
 SUPERPOSITI
LIMITATIONS ON
EXAMPLE :

Using superposition power consumed by the individual sources

are P  12watts;
P

W 1 ( d u e t o 1 2 V sourceleft ) W 2(dueto12V
12watts;
sourceleftp) o w e r c o n s u m e d  24 watts
Total

But current flowing through the resistor is zero, so total power

consumed is actually zero!

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 SUPERPOSITION
LIMITATIONS
2. Superposition theorem cannot be for circuits with
applied nonlinear elements (eg. Diodes and
Transistors).
3. In order to calculate load current or voltage for several choices of
load resistance, one needs to solve for every voltage and current
source in the network several times. With a simple circuit this is
fairly easy, but in a large circuit with many sources this method
becomes a painful experience! Thevenin/Norton equivalent with
Mesh/Node analysis is a better choice in that case.
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 SUPERPOSITION
Q1. Using the superposition theorem, find va in the circuit of Fig.

(Ans. 14 Volts)
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 SUPERPOSITION
Q2. Using the superposition theorem, calculate the value of source current
Ix that yields I = 0 if VA and VC are kept fixed at 7 V and 28 V

(Ans. IX = -5.833A)
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 SUPERPOSITION
Q3. For the circuit shown below, it follows from linearly that we can write
Vab=αIx+βVA+ηVB, where α,β and η are constants. Find the values of (1) α,
(2)β, and (3)η.

(Ans. α = -1,β=0.063, and η=-0.063

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 SUPERPOSITION
Q4. Using superposition theorem, find the current i through 5Ωresistor as
shown in fig.

Ans. -0.538A
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