Science Applications: remote control, burglar alarm External radiotherapy- the patient is exposed to

Electromagnetic waves systems, night vision camera, thermometers, a beam of radiation

-are created as a result of vibrations between an infrared induction, Medical infrared imaging, Internal Radiotherapy- radiation comes from
electric field and a magnetic field. surveillance camera implants or liquids placed inside the body;
-The sun emits EM radiation and EM waves are all Visible Light sometimes call brachytherapy.
around us! - Humans can only see a portion of the Reflection of light
Electromagnetic spectrum electromagnetic spectrum which is visible light. It - Bouncing back of light after hitting a surface.
-is a continuum of EM waves arranged according allows us to see colors that can be seen with our Plane mirror - Flat surface, shiny and opaque.
to wavelength or frequency. sight. Mirror is made from thin layer of glass and put a
Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible -sequence of colors from longest to shortest layer of silver on one side. The silver side reflects
Light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays. ROYGBIV the light but does not let it pass through.
Radio Waves Application: It helps us see objects, traffic lights, Ideal mirror -would reflect all the light.
- Have longest wavelengths and the lowest commercial displays, car headlights, television, Real mirror -reflects light and absorb some lights
frequencies as well as the lowest energy. They liquid crystal display(LCD), used by plants in and the remaining gets reflected.
travel easily through the atmosphere and other photosynthesis Basic terms:
materials. visible light communication- an emerging form Beam of light - Light from the torch Beam - is a
Wavebands- smaller region of radio waves of wireless communication technology. It can be collection of light rays
RADAR- Radio detection and ranging used for simultaneous audio and video streaming. Incident ray - the ray of light falling on the mirror
MRI- Magnetic source imaging LASER- Light amplification by stimulated emission Point of incidents - where the incident ray hits
GPS- Global positioning system of radiation. the mirror.
RFID- Radio frequency identification Ultraviolet Reflected ray - the ray that comes back.
LIDAR- Light detection and ranging - Ultraviolet (UV) light has higher frequencies than Normal - Imaginary line at the point of incidents
Applications: Automatic doors, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, visible light, it also carries more energy. perpendicular to the mirror.
GPS, RFID UV Light (black light)- detect forged bank * Normal is used to measure the angles
Microwaves notes, forensic investigation, sterilize medical * Angle the incident ray makes with the normal is i
- have shorter wavelengths but have greater equipment UVA- used to treat skin conditions like = angle of incidence
frequencies and energy psoriasis and vitiligo * Angle the reflected ray makes with the normal is
UV- stimulates the production of vitamin D called r = angle of reflection
Applications: Doppler radar, long-distance phone X-Rays Laws of reflection
calls, send signals for cable-television, microwave - commonly used to check for abnormalities or 1.) The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal
oven, Microwave Ablation (shrink or destroy problems inside the body. at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane.
tumors) Microwave Imaging (progress of Applications: detect abnormalities in the skeletal 2.) The angle of incidents is equal to the angle of
treatment system, dental imaging, Computer axial reflection.
Infra-Red tomography (CAT), airport security checks, * All objects reflect light
Types of reflection: CASE 2: Object At C ANSWER CHOICES FOR (LOST )
1.) Regular reflection - mirror or highly polished L = Below the object, at C Location:
surface. O = Inverted -At the focus
-Between the focus and the center of curvature (or
2.) Irregular reflection - most of the objects e.g. S = Same size
2F for lenses)
paper, walls, curtains. (scattered or diffused) T = Real -At the center of curvature (or 2F for lenses)
Your image will be formed behind the plane mirror. Case 3: Object Between C and F (Focus) -Beyond the center of curvature (or 2F)
Virtual, upright and same height. •L: Beyond C (farther from the mirror than the -Between the focus and the mirror/lens
For plane mirror: object). -On the opposite side of the lens (for lenses)
•O: Inverted.
Object height = image height
•S: Larger (magnified). Orientation:
Concave mirror - a converging mirror •T: Real. -Upright
Rules for image formation:
Case 4: Object At F -Inverted
Rule 1. ray of light which is parallel to the •L: No image (rays are parallel and do not
principal axis after reflection passes through the converge). Size:
focus. •O: Undefined. -Magnified (larger than the object)
Rule 2. Ray of light passing through the century •S: Undefined. -Diminished (smaller than the object)
of curvature is reflected back along the same •T: Undefined. -Same size (equal to the object)
path. Case 5: Object Between F and the Mirror
•L: Behind the mirror. Type:
Rule 3. Ray of light passing through the focus
•O: Upright. -Real (light rays intersect; can be projected on a
after reflection becomes parallel to the principal screen)
•S: Larger (magnified).
axis. •T: Virtual. -Virtual (light rays appear to intersect; cannot be
Rule 4. Ray of light which is incident at the pole projected on a screen)
of a concave mirror which is reflected back Image formation for convex mirrors
making the same angle with the principal axis. Rule 1. ray of light which is parallel to the
There are 2 rays and 2 rules. Rule number 4 HOW DO YOU KNOW WHERE THE IMAGE CAN BE
principal axis, after reflection it appears to be FOUND?
doesn’t always apply. coming from the focus. -When the rays intersect.
REMEMBER:
L - Location: Where is the image formed? Rule 2. Ray of light going towards the center of TERMS:
O - Orientation: Is the image upright or inverted curvature of a convex mirror is reflected along at Poles (p)
compared to the object? - The center of the reflecting surface of a
the same path.
S - Size: Is the image magnified, diminished, or spherical mirror is a point called pole it lies in
the same size as the object? the surface mirror.
Rule 3. Ray of light going towards the focus after
T - Type: Is the image real or virtual? reflection becomes parallel o the principal axis. Center of curvature (c)
- The center of the imaginary sphere from which
Case 1: Object is beyond C Rule 4. Ray of light which is incident at the pole the spherical mirror is derived.
Radius of curvature (r) Refraction of light Case 3. Light is incident normally on the second
-Is the radius of imaginary sphere of which mirror -is the bending of light as it passes from one medium. No bending of light but it will slow down
is a part. transparent medium to another, caused by a as it goes to the medium. i=0 r=0
change in its speed.
Convex Lense – converging
Principal axis
- The line joining pole and center of curvature. Why does refraction happen? Rules for image formation in convex lens
-it changes the speed of light.
Focus (f) Rule 1. A ray of light which is parallel to the
- is a specific point where parallel rays of light For example, the air is 3x10^8 when it goes to the principal axis, after refraction passes to through
converge (meet) or appear to diverge after glass it becomes 2x10^8. the focus on the other side of the lens.
reflecting off a mirror or refracting through a
Rule 2. A ray of light passing to the optical centre
lens. Terms: of the lens goes straight. It emerges without any
Vertex (v)- center of the mirror Incident ray – ray of light deviation.
Focal length Point of incidence – the point where the incident
-is the distance between the mirror/lens's center ray hits the medium Rule 3.A ray of light passing through the focus
(or pole in the case of mirrors) and the focus. Normal – imaginary line perpendicular boundary after refraction becomes parallel to the principal
between the two materials. (air and glass) axis.
Refracted ray – the light ray on the second
Case 1: Object Beyond 2F
medium. •L: Between F and 2F (opposite side of the lens)
•O: Inverted
Angle of incident is greater than angle of •S: Smaller
refraction. i>r •T: Real

Optical density – how much a material can slow Case 2 : Object At 2F

•L: At 2F (opposite side of the lens)
down light.
•O: Inverted
•S: Same size
Air is optically rarer, and glass is optically denser. •T: Real

Case 1. When light travels from a rarer, to a Object Between F and 2F

denser medium, the speed of light decreases. The •L: Beyond 2F (opposite side of the lens)
light bends towards the normal. i>r •O: Inverted
•S: Larger
•T: Rea
Case 1. When light travels from a denser to a rarer
medium, the speed of light increases. The light
Object At F (Focal Point) Optical Behavior Magnetic field
•L: At infinity These points determine how light bends and
•O: Undefined Field – is an area where an object experience a
where images form, making them vital in lenses
•S: Undefined (highly enlarged) force.
•T: Undefined (theoretical image used for magnification, projection, or correction in
A magnet has a magnetic field around it.
devices like cameras, microscopes, and
Object Between F and the Lens eyeglasses. Magnetic field is stronger near the magnet, and it
•L: Same side as the object becomes weak far away from the magnet and the
•O: Upright Rules for image formation: Concave lenses strength of the magnetic field decreases as the
•S: Larger Rule 1. A ray of light which is parallel to the distance from the magnet increases.
•T: Virtual
principal axis, after refraction appears to be
Shape of the magnetic field:
coming from the focus.
Object At Infinity Iron filling and magnetic compass
•L: At F (opposite side of the lens)
•O: Inverted Rule 2. A ray of light which is going towards the
•S: Diminished (point-like) optical center of a concave lenses goes straight Properties of a magnetic field lines:
•T: Real through without being deviated. 1. Magnetic field line starts at the north pole of
the magnet and ends in the south pole.
0 (Optical Center) Rule 3. A ray of light passing through the focus 2. Come close to one another near poles of the
F1 (First Focus) magnet but are more widely separated at other
after refraction becomes parallel to the principal
2F1 (Twice the Focal Distance on the Object Side) places.
F2 (Second Focus) axis. 3. Magnetic field lines do not intersect each other.
2F2 (Twice the Focal Distance on the Image Side)
•Regardless of the object position:L: The image The magnetic field is strong when field lines are
Symmetry of the Lens: always forms on the same side as the object, close to each other.
•Lenses are symmetric, meaning the focal lengths between the lens and the focal point.
on both sides are equal but in opposite directions. •L: The image always forms on the same side as Types of magnet:
•The two focal points (F1 and F2) are equidistant the object, between the lens and the focal point. Bar magnet
from the lens' center. •O: The image is always upright. Horse magnet
•S: The image is always diminished. Disc magnet
Ray Diagrams •T: The image is always virtual
These points are essential for constructing ray Earth’s magnetic field = 50 microT
diagrams, which help predict the image's location, Magnets must have 2 poles, south and north. Magnetic field of a bar magnet = 0.01 Tesla(T)
size, orientation, and type. Monopole cannot exist.
Like poles repel each other. Magnetic effect of electrical current – where earth
Unlike poles attract each other. gets its magnetism.
Induction precedes attraction.
Induction is a process of reasoning or a physical
Electromagnetism Magnetic Materials: Iron, cobalt, nickel, alloys Electromagnets:
(steel and alnico) Magnets created using a current, magnetic
Electric current – flow of electric charges. strength increases with:
- More current in the wire (Battery)
Stroking- one way of magnetization - More coils of wire
Effects: - Bigger ferromagnetic core
Heating effects Hans Christian Oersted – discovered that a current
Chemical effects carrying wire caused a nearby magnetized Electric Motors- Converts electrical energy to
Magnetic effects compass needle to deflect. mechanical energy

A current carrying wire behaves like a magnet Michael Faraday - showing that a current can be Current Meters-
Magnetic fields have diverse effects: Galvanometer - measure small currents
produced by sources of changing magnetic fields.
•They influence the motion of charges and Ammeter - measure currents
currents. Voltmeter - measure voltage
non-magnetic current-carrying wire within a strong Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
•Magnetize materials.
•Induce electric currents. magnetic field, like copper for instance, will Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire
•Affect light and particles in space. experience a magnetic force as indicated by the will cause a voltage to be induced in the coil. This
wire’s movement relative to the magnetic field. voltage is called induced voltage. If the circuit is
closed, the current will also circulate through the
Audiovisual (AV)- the link between electricity and circuit. This current is called induced current.
magnetism Broadcast studio consists of: Electric generator- device that converts
Audio Console- converts analog audio and phone mechanical energy to electrical energy by rotating Uses of Electromagnetic Induction:
calls to a digital output. Allows mixing of all a coil ● Generator- Converts mechanical energy to
sounds. Magnetic poles- magnetic south or north electrical energy- Used commonly in most power
Microphones Magnetism- property of being able to attract plants to create electricity
objects ● Transformer- Used to increase (Step-up) or
Computers
decrease (Step-down) voltage or currents- High
Studio Monitors voltage electricity : long distance transmission-
Disc Players Accelerating charges - causes a changing
Low Voltage : homes
Recording Technology- founded entirely or Electrical Field and Magnetic Field, producing
partially by electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic waves.- can travel in material
medium and in vacuum (free space) All EM waves
Electromagnetic Induction- relationship between have the same speed (the speed of light)
electricity and magnetism . Wavelength is inversely proportional to the
Transducers- devices that detect and convert
frequency. As wavelength decreases, the
audio Force exerted by magnets: REPULSION or
ATTRACTION frequency of the wave increases.
Non Ionizing (lower energy): Radio Waves,
Ferromagnetic substance- if an object has Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet
ARPAN MAAARING URIIN ANG OUTSOURCING BATAY SA 2. pagbibigay ng subsidiya(subsidies) sa mga
Globalisasyon LAYO O DISTANSYA: namumuhunang local.
-ay proseso ng mabilisang pagdaloy o paggalaw Onshoring - pagkuha ng serbisyo sa isang 3. Pagbibigay ng quota.
ng mga tao, bagay, impormasyon at produkto sa kompanyang mula din sa loob ng bansa na
iba't ibang direksiyon na nararanasan sa iba't Humaharap sa iba't ibang anyong suliranin at
nagbubunga ng higit na mababang gastusin sa hamon sa paggawa:
ibang panig ng daigdig.
operasyon. (1) mababang pasahod,
ANYO NG GLOBALISASYON (2) kawalan ng seguridad sa pinapasukang
1. GLOBALISASYONG EKONOMIKO Nearshoring- Tumutukoy sa pagkuha ng serbisyo kompanya
2. GLOBALISASYONG TEKNOLOHIKAL mula sa kompanya sa kalapit na bansa. (3) job-mismatch/job-skills mismatch
3. GLOBALISASYONG SOSYO KULTURAL (4) Kontraktwalisasyon
4. GLOBALISASYONG POLITIKAL (5) mura at flexible labor
Offshoring- Pagkuha ng serbisyo ng isang
kompanya mula sa ibang bansa na naniningil ng MGA NAIDULOT NG GLOBALISASYON SA
MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES o MNCs
- mga produkto o serbisyong ipinagbibili ay hindi mas mababang bayad. PAGGAWA:
nakabatay sa pangangailangang lokal ng 1. Demand ng bansa para sa iba't ibang
pamilihan. ANG GLOBALISASYON AY MAY TATLONG kakayahan o kasanayan.
PATAKARAN: 2. pagkakataon ang mga lokal na produkto na
TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES o TNCs 1. PRIVATIZATION/PAGSASAPRIBADO - paglilipat makilala sa pandaigidigan pamilihan
- Ang kanilang serbisyong ipinagbibili ay batay sa 3. Binago ng globalisason ang workplace at mga
ng ng kontrol ng mga government-owned and
pangangailangang lokal. Binibigyang kalayaan na salik ng produksiyon.
controlled corporations (GOCC). 4. madali lang sa mga namumuhunan na
magdesisyon, magsaliksik, at magbenta ang mga
yunit na ito ayon na rin sa hinihingi ng kanilang 2. DEREGULATION/DEREGULASYON –pagbibigay magpresyo ng mura o mababa laban sa mga
pamilihang lokal. ng pamahalaan ng isang bansa sa pribadong dayuhang.
negosyo ng mas malayang pagpapasya at
Outsourcing pagpapatakbo ng kanilang operasyon. ISENTE AT MARANGAL NA PAGGAWA:
- sang kompanya ng serbisyo mula sa isang 3. LIBERALIZATION/LIBERALISASYON - malayang 5. EMPLOYMENT PILLAR - paglikha ng mga
kompanya na may kaukulang bayad. sustenableng trabaho,
pagbubukas ng lokal na ekonomiya sa
6. WORKER'S RIGHT PILLAR - Naglalayong
dayuhang kapital o pamumuhunan.
BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING palakasin at siguruhin ang paglikha ng mga
- na tumutugon sa prosesong pangnegosyo ng batas.
isang kompanya. GUARDED GLOBALIZATION - naglalayong hikayatin 7. SOCIAL PROTECTION PILLAR - proteksyonng
ang mga lokal na namumuhunan at bigyang- manggagawa, katanggap-tanggap na pasahod,
KNOWLEDGE PROCESS OUTSOURCING proteksiyon ang mga ito upang makasabay sa at oportunidad.,
- na nakatuon sa mga gawaing nangangailangan kompetisyon laban sa malalaking dayuhang 8. SOCIAL DIALOGUE PILLAR - Palakasin ang
ng mataas na antas ng kaalamang teknikal negosyante. laging bukas na pagpupulong.
tulad ng pananaliksik, pagsusuri ng
impormasyon at serbisyong legal.
ILAN SA MGA HALIMBAWA NG POLISIYANG ITO AY
SEKTOR NG AGRIKULTURA SELF EMPLOYED WITHOUT ANY PAID EMPLOYEE - 1. Globalisason at migrasyon - Tumataas ang
- lokal na produktong agricultural. trabahong para-paraan o sa sinasabing bilang ng mga bansang nakararanas at
vulnerable employment. naaapektuhan ng migrasyon.
2. Mabilisang paglaking migrasyon - Ang kapal o
SEKTOR NG INDUSTRIYA
daming mga nandarayuhan ay patuloy ang
- malayang pagpapasok ng mga kompanya at LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE O LFPR – pagtaas sa iba't ibang rehiyon ng daigdig.
mamumuhunan sa industriya ng konstruksiyon. may edad 15 pataas na may kakayahan nang
magtrabaho ngunit hindi pa aktuwal na lumalahok Irregular Migrants - hindi dokumentado, walang
SEKTOR NG SERBISYO sa produksiyon o naghahanap ng trabaho. permit para magtrabaho at sinasabing overstaying
- sektor ng pananalapi, komersiyo, insurance, sa bansang pinuntahan.
kalakalang pakyawan at pagtitingi, MURA AT FLEXIBLE LABOR - pamamagitan ng
Temporary Migrants - kaukulang permiso at
transportasyon, pag-imbak, komunikasyon, pagpapatupad ng mababang pagpapashod at
papeles upang magtrabaho at manirahan nang
libangan, medikal, turismo, business processing paglimita sa panahon ng paggawa ng mga may takdang panahon.
outsourcing (BPO), at edukasyon. manggagawa.
Permanent Migrants - permanenteng paninirahan
ISKEMANG SUBCONTRACTING KONTRAKTWALISASYON - Hindi sila binabayaran ng sa piniling bansa kaya naman kalakip dito ang
- ang kompanya (principal) ay komukontrata ng karampatang sahod at mga benepisyong ayon sa pagpapalit ng pagkamamamayan o citizenship.
isang ahensiya o indibidwal na subcontractor batas na tinatamasa ng mga manggagawang
Paglaganap ng 'migration transition -
upang gawin ang isang trabaho o serbisyo sa regular.
nakasanayang bansang pinagmumulan ng mga
isang takdang panahon. nandarayuhan ay nagiging destinasyon na rin ng
Migrasyon mga manggagawa at refugees mula sa iba't ibang
LABOR-ONLY CONTRACTING - walang sapat ha -ay tumutukoy sa proseso ng pag-alis o paglipat bansa.
puhunan upang gawin ang trabaho o serbisyo at mula sa isang lugar o teritoryong politikal patungo
ang pinasok niyang manggagawa ay may sumusunod Peminisason ng migrason - Malaki ang
direktang kinalaman sa mga gawain ng kompaya ginagampanan ng kababaihan
1. Hanapbuhay
"house husband" kung saan inaako na ng lalaki
JOB-CONTRACTING - may sapat na puhunan para 2. paghahanap ng ligtas na tirahan
ang lahat ng responsibilidad sa tahanan.
maisagawa ang trabaho at mga gawain ng mga 3. panghihikayat ng mga kapamilya
manggagawang pinasok ng subcontractor. 4. pag-aaral o pagkuha ng mga teknikal na HUMAN TRAFFICKING - pagrerecruit, pagdadala,
kaalaman partikular sa mga bansang paglilipat, pagtatago, o pagtanggap ng mga tao sa
UNEMPLOYMENT - walang makita o mapasukang industrialisado pamamagitan ng di tamang paraan.
trabaho sa kabila ng kanilang sapat na pinag-
aralan at kakayahan. FLOW FORCED LABOR - tao ay puwerasadong
pinagtratrabaho sa pamamagitan ng dahas o
-ay tumutukoy sa dami o bilang ng mga
UNDEREMPLOYMENT - mataas na kakayahan sa pananakot
nandarayuhang pumapasok sa isang bansa sa
Magnetism: e e
● Force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic
material due to the arrangement of its atoms,
particularly its electrons.
● Property of being able to attract objects made
of naturally occurring magnetic materials like iron,
nickel, cobalt, or some of its alloys.

Causes of magnetism:
 Atoms have magnetic properties due to the spin
of the atom’s electrons.
 Groups of atoms (domains) join so that their
magnetic fields are all going in the same
direction.
 When an unmagnetized substance is placed in
a magnetic field, the substance can be
magnetized which happens when the spinning
electrons line up in the same direction.

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

 Ampere
 Faraday
 Hertz
 Maxwell
 Oersted
ENGLISH 3. Conduct simple research about the topic. *Position means the opinion or what
Research 4. Write your advocacy campaign or your plan of someone believes on the topic given.
-is a careful and detailed study of a specific action.
Argument
problem, concern, or issue using the scientific
-the explanation of the points of the writer.
method. How to make an effective advocacy poster? - contains three paragraphs, where each
-to investigate the problem, to bring answers, 1. Six or fewer words paragraph has an explanation of the point
change, and solution. 2. art made up of familiar symbols or illustrated with examples.
iconography.
Research aim 3. a positive message. Restatement of Position
-to understand a phenomenon, or behavior, or test -restates the point of the writer (statement of
position)
a theory and eventually bring answer, change, How to write an advocacy campaign?
-summarizes what is stated in the argument in
and solution. 4. Start with a verb another way
5. what do you want your readers to do?
CAMPAIGNS Language Feature of Argumentative Essay
-a set of activities, planned thoroughly, which Aggressive driving MODALS- the use of SHOULD and MUST in an
people execute and carry out over a period. -is a phenomenon, which has only recently got the argumentative essay helps express the ideas of
-plan of action, to attain change. public worried. obligation, suggestions, or strong beliefs of the
 Aggressive driving should be avoided because it writer.
CAMPAIGNS aim causes crashes, injuries, and fatalities. SHOULD - giving general advice,
-to attain something such as social or political recommendation/opinion
change. Argumentative essay
MUST-strong advice
-attempts to be highly persuasive and logical.
ADVOCACY - change the reader’s mind and convince the TRANSITIONAL DEVICES-are words, phrases,
-are planned and deliberate with a sustained effort reader to agree with the point of view or claim or sentences that help to connect ideas and
that raises awareness on a particular issue. It is of the writer. create a logical flow in writing or speech.
the act of pleading or arguing in favor of Addition: In addition, moreover, as well as, and
something such as a cause, idea, or policy; active argumentative essay characteristics:
support. 1. Presents and explains the issue or case. Contrast: but, however, on the other hand,
although even though
-raise awareness, to seek change 2. Gives reasons and supports these reasons to
prove its point. Cause and Effect: since, for this reason, because,
ADVOCACY aim 3. Refutes (proves wrong) opposing arguments as a result, due to
-to raise awareness for possible change on the
Summarizing: therefore, hence, in conclusion, in
view of a particular issue. Structure of an essay:
short, to sum up
Statement of Position
 language barrier F. Write your opinion again (Step B). 5. Context - refers to the physical setting and time
-is a figurative phrase used primarily to refer to in which the event happens.
linguistic barriers to communication. CLAIM - is a statement that shows your position or
1. Consider the speech requirement.
your point towards a topic.
2. Know your audience.
Language barriers may hinder people from
3. Organize your material.
communicating properly. Claim of Fact - It is a piece of evidence that is 4. Practice.
presented to prove the claim. 5. Use voice and gestures judiciously.
First, Use visual methods of communication by
6. Employ appropriate language.
using pictures, videos, graphs, and many more.
Claim of Value - is based on morality, most of the 7. Conduct a survey of the environment.
time there is the word “THAN” to compare better 8. Watch for/ask for feedback.
Second, Language barrier or not, people often
need to hear something more than once to situation to one that is not so good situation
Multimodal - combination of two or more
understand and remember it. Thus, use repetition
modes such as written and spoken language
to help retention Claim of Policy - is a claim that one should not be Printed multimodal texts: Picture books,
done instead one should be done. Textbooks, Graphic Novels, Comics.
But It does not mean you can not do something,

Hook- attention grabber (definition, statistics, THESIS STATEMENT/CLAIM is a statement that Live multimodal texts: Dances, storytelling,
shows your position or your point towards a topic. performance.
lyrics of a song, quotation, rhetorical questions)
Claim of Fact- factual information
Claim of Value- THAN; GIVE EFFECT Digital multimodal texts: Animation, website, film
RHETORICAL QUESTION - is a question, asked to
make a statement that does not expect an answer Claim of Policy- should or should not be done
Elements of multimodal text:
 Linguistic: vocabulary, structure, grammar of
 DECLARATIVE STATEMENT- it is a Elements of Public Speaking
oral/written language.
simple sentence declaring your thesis 1. Speaker - It pertains to the person who uses
 Visual: color, vectors, and viewpoint in still and
statement. his/her voice and non-verbal.
moving images
2. Message - It refers to organized thoughts,
 Audio: volume, pitch, and rhythm of music and
The THESIS STATEMENT contains the topic information, and ideas.
sound effects
to be discussed, the position/stand of the 3. Audience - the receivers of the speech in
 Gestural: movement, facial expression and
writer about the topic, and the three public speaking.
body language
reasons he will discuss in the essay. 4. Channel - It refers to the medium used by the
 Spatial: proximity, direction, the position of
speaker to deliver the message to the audience.
layout, and organization of objects in space
argumentative essay: • Non-verbal channels include gestures, facial
A. Introduce the topic using any of the following expressions, body movements, and physical
B. Write your STATEMENT OF POSITION. posture.
C. Provide your EXAMPLE to support your • Visual channels refer to diagrams, drawings,
REASON. graphics, photographs, videos, or objects.
D. Give your COUNTER-ARGUMENT (What might • Auditory channels include tone of voice,
EXPOSITORY WRITING
- refers to an idea of explaining or describing or
giving information about something.

Purpose of EXPOSITORY WRITING

- explain, describe, or inform the reader
about a particular topic or subject

I. Introduction
- contains the HOOK (attention grabber)
- THESIS STATEMENT
II. Body
- contains three paragraphs where the details
given in the thesis statement are discussed with
examples

III. Conclusion
restatement of the thesis statement and a
final statement to summarize the discussion.

Methods of Expository Writing

1. Compare and Contrast Method
2. Cause and Effect Method
3. Problem-solution Method
4. Extended Definition
TLE 2. Correct - the factual information and the 5. Language of Colors - color effects that have
Ethics language and grammar you use are correct. universal meaning.
- standards and conduct of behavior of an 3. Complete- give the recipient all of the
10 Principles of Listening - A good listener will
individual or professional group . information they need.
listen only to what is being said, but also to what
4. Concrete - being specific and definite rather is left unsaid.
1. Look professional than general. 1. Stop Talking - do not interrupt, talk over them or
2. Be punctual 5. Concise - keep your messages short and simple. finish their sentences for them.
3. Be discreet and refrain from gossip 6. Courteous - be friendly, professional, 2. Prepare to Listen - Try to put other thoughts out
4. Be loyal to your employer and colleagues of mind and concentrate on the messages that are
considerate, respectful, open and honest.
5. Be honest and reliable being communicated.
6. Do not make false claims on treatments. 7. Coherent - logical flow and your style, tone and
3. Put the speaker at Ease - gestures or words to
7. Speak correctly and politely to everyone. language should be consistent throughout.
encourage them to continue.
8. Always be polite and courteous. 4. Remove Distractions - Focus on what is being
9. Know and abide by legal requirements and Communication Barriers- Anything that comes said.
local authority in the way of receiving and understanding 5. Empathize - keep an open mind to the views
10. Keep up to date messages and opinions of others.
1. Perceptual Difference - Any message which is 6. Be Patient - Be patient and let the speaker
Communication Process continue in their own time
- against their values is not accepted.
the exchange of messages by human beings. 7. Avoid Personal Prejudice - . Focus on what is
2. Language Difference - people who speak
being said and try to ignore styles of delivery
Interpersonal Communication different languages cannot understand one 8. Listen to the Tone - A good speaker will use
- exchange of feelings and attitude in the another. both volume and tone to their advantage to keep
communication process. 3. Time Pressure - sufficient time should be an audience attentive.
given for effective communication. 9. Listen for Ideas, not just Words - get the whole
1. Sender- The person who conveys ideas to the 4. Distraction/Noise picture, not just isolated bits and pieces.
receiver. 10. Wait and watch for Non-verbal Communication
5. Emotions - Emotional state at a particular
2. Receiver-The person who receives the
message from the sender.
point of time also affects communication. - watch and pick up the additional information
being transmitted.
3. Medium/Channel-The path through which
encoded message is transmitted to the Non-verbal Communication - generating Telephone Etiquette - manners of using
receiver meaning using behavior other than words telephone communication
4. Message-The subject matter of 1. Language of Kinesics- technical term for body 1. three rings
communication language. 2. Sit up, smile and speak clearly in a pleasant
5. Feedback- the receiver expresses his reaction tone of voice
2. Language of Haptics - through the hands, arms,
to the sender of the message 3. Identify yourself at the beginning of all calls.
and other body parts.
4. Address the caller
7C’s of communication 3. Language of Chronemics- with the study of a
5. Do not eat or chew
1. Clear - clear about the purpose of the message you're person’s use of time 6. Pay attention
11. Close your conversation with appropriate  Acting Skills  Falls and Falling Object
salutation  Time Management Skills  Windows- These should be clean and open
12. Let the caller hang up first  Ability to read customers easily.
 Sanitary Convenience- Toilets and washing
 Unflappability - stay calm
Appointment Scheduling- it allows you to set facilities should be available to all persons.
 Goal Oriented Focus  Drinking Water
your appointment schedule and give clients the  Ability to handle surprises  Changing Rooms
ability to book slots on their own.  Persuasion skills  Facilities for resting and eating
 Tenacity - willingness to do what needs to be
Information Needed in Booking an
done Record Keeping - history of a person ‘s or
Appointment
 Closing ability organization ‘s activities, generally by creating
1. Name of the client  Empathy and storing consistent, formal records.
2. Time and date of appointment  Willingness to learn
3. Client’s contact information 1. Authenticity and Provenance - authentic
4. Type of service/s to avail record is one which can be proven to be what
5. Client’s medical condition ACT OF 1992 - This regulation covers health, it purports to be.
Client’s request safety, and welfare in the workplace. 2. Reliability - contents can be trusted as a full
and accurate representation of the
 Adequate Ventilation- Premises must be well
6. Get customer's self-schedule transactions, activities, or facts to which they
ventilated. attest and can be depended upon during
7. Avoid double booking
8. Prioritize appointments  Comfortable Working Temperature- subsequent transactions or activities
9. Confirm appointment 3. Integrity - refers to its being complete and
temperature around 16°C
10.Send appointment reminders unaltered
11.Use customer waiting lists for cancellations or  Adequate Lighting - low soft lighting is 4. Usability - can be found and understood in its
no-shows. desirable for some massage routine original context.

 Cleanliness and Hygiene - washed and The Stacking Fold - plush towels flat enough to
Consultation - start building a relationship with
the client and determine exactly what your disinfected when possible. fit neatly stacked on the shelf.
clients’ needs. The Spa Roll - chic fold will immediately make
 Waste- Waste must be stored in suitable,
Personal Details your bathroom look like a spa.
covered bins and disposed. The Pocket and Fan Fold - You'll need two
Massage Analysis
Other Information  Adequate space for working - be large towels to create this look — we used a washcloth
Past and Present Medical History enough for the therapist and client to move and a bath sheet
around easily.
Customer Service Skills- Traits and practices
that equip you to address customer needs and  Maintenance of Equipment
foster a positive experience.
 Patience  Floors and Traffic Routes - Any spillages
 Attentiveness such as water, oil, powder etc, should be wiped
e e e
FILIPINO *Nais nilang malaman ang sikreto ni Samson. Benvolio Montague - Pinsan ni Romeo,
Mitolohiya mula sa iceland mahinahon at tagapayo.
- tumatalakay sa kultura, sa mga diyos o bathala Pokus sa Kagamitan – tawag sa instrumento o Lord Capulet - Ama ni Juliet, mahigpit at
at ang kanilang mga karanasan sa tradisyonal.
kasangkapan sa pagsasagawa ng kilos na
pakikisalamuha sa mga tao. Lady Capulet - Ina ni Juliet, masunurin sa asawa.
isinasaad ng pandiwa na gumaganap bilang Lord Montague - Ama ni Romeo, kalaban ng
- Isinalin sa Filipino ni Sheila C. Molina
Elemento ng mitolohiya: simuno ng pangungusap. Capulet.
-Tauhan *Ipanlalaban niya ang sariling niyang mga kuko sa Lady Montague - Ina ni Romeo, mapagmahal sa
-Tagpuan malalaking bato. anak.
-Banghay Friar Laurence - Pari, tumulong sa lihim nilang
-Tema Pokus sa Pinaglalaanan – kapag ang pinaglalaanan kasal.
ng kilos ay ang paksa o simuno ng pangungusap.
Mitolohiya ng norse (Iceland) Plots:
*Ihahanap niya ng hustisya ang sinapit ng isang potion na ibinigay ni Friar Laurence upang
-isang Sistema at paniniwala at Alamat ng mga
sinaunang viking at iba pang tao sa sa kaniyang dalaga. magmukhang patay sa loob ng 42 oras.
Scandinavia. Romeo: Uminom ng lason na binili mula sa isang
Dula(England) mangangalakal.
Tema ng mitholohiyang norse ay ang paglalakbay -makulay na uri ng panitikan. *Drama Juliet: Gumamit ng punyal ni Romeo upang
ng mga diyos at ang pakikipaglaban nila sa mga saksakin ang sarili.
higante na mahigpit na kalaban ng diyos. Entablado/tanghalan
Tula
-saan itinatanghal ang dula. -panitikan na may matalinghagang pagpapahayag
Sina Thor at Loki sa Lupain ng mga Higante -
isinulat ni Snorri Sturluson ng isipan at damdamin.
Tatlong sangkap ng dula: -tulay ng kaalaman mula sa kasaysayan ng
Mga tauhan: -Simula, gitna at wakas. kahapon patungo sa kasalukuyan.
Thor – diyos ng kulog at kidlat; pinakamalakas sa -maitutulad sa isang awit.
mga diyos ng Aesir. Uri ng dula:
Loki – kasama ni Thor sa paglalakbay, may  Trahedya – pagkasawi ng pangunahing tauhan. Apat na pangkalahatang uri ng tula:
kapilyuhan. 1) tulang pandamdamin o tulang liriko
 Komedya – kasiya-siya sa manonood.
Skymir – naninirahan sa kakahuyan. 2) tulang pasalaysay
 Melodrama – kasiya-siya, ngunit may malungkot
Utgaro-Loki – hari ng mga higante. 3) tulang padula
Logi, Hugi, at Elli – kabilang sa kuta ni Utgaro-Loki. na bahagi. 4) tulang patnigan
Thjalfti at Rosvka – anak na lalaki at babae ng  Parsa - Nagpapatawa gamit nakakatawang
magsasaka. salita. Elemento ng tula:
 Saynete – ugali/emotion. 1. Sukat - Bilang ng pantig sa bawat taludtod.
Pokus tagaganap – nandito ang pokus ng pandiwa 2. Tugma - Pare-parehong tunog sa dulo ng mga
kung ang paksa ng pangungusap ang siyang taludtod.
Romeo at Juliet – William Shakespeare – Gregorio
gumaganap ng kilos nito 3. Taludtod - bawat linya sa isang saknong ng
C. Borlaz. tula.
*Umibig si Samson kay Delilah na taga-Sorek na
6. Talinghaga - Mga pahiwatig o simbolismong 4.Pagtatao(persinipikasyon) – pahayag ng paglipat Elemento ng Nobela
taglay ng tula. ng paglilipat ng katangian, gawi, at talion ng isang -Tagpuan
7. Paksa o tema - Pangunahing ideya o tao. -Tauhan
-Banghay
mensaheng nais iparating ng tula. 5.Pagtwag(apostrophe) – panawagan o pakiusap
-Pananaw
8. Persona - Tinig o tauhan na nagsasalita sa tula. nang may masidhing damdamin sa isang bagay. -Tema
9. Tunog o aliw-iw - Melodiyang nararamdaman -Damdamin
mula sa ritmo ng mga salita. Maikling kwento -Pamamaraan
10 . Larawang Diwa - Mga salita o pariralang - Isang uri ng kwento na binibigyang halaga o -Pananalita
nagdudulot ng malinaw na imahen sa isipan ng diin ay ang kilos o galaw pananalita, -Simbolismo
mambabasa. pangungusap at kaisipan.
Ang Matanda at Ang Dagat - isinulat ni Ernest
Hemingway sa Cuba (1951) at inilabas taong
Uri ng tulang liriko: Aginaldo ng mga Mago, “Gift of the Magi” ni O. 1952.
1. Soneto – labing-apat na taludtod hingil sa Henry
damdamin, kaisipan at pananaw sa buhay ng Simbolismo:
tao. Deogracias A. Rosario – ama ng maikling 1) dagat – lipunan/buhay
2. Awit - Tula ng pag-ibig o damdamin. kwentong tagalog. 2) Santiago – tayo/mga tao
3. Elehiya - Tula ng pagdadalamhati. 3) Marlin – mga oportunidad sa buhay
4) Pating – mga suliranin sa buhay
4. Dalit - Tula ng papuri sa Diyos. Mga element ng maikling kwento:
5. Oda - Tula ng masidhing damdamin. -Tauhan Talasalitaan:
6. Pastoral - Tula ng buhay sa bukid. -Tagpuan nagapi – natalo
-Paksang diwa – kaluluwa ng kwenrto lulon-lulon – dala-dala
Matatalinghagang pananalita – pahayag n hindi -suliranin napagtanto – napag-isip
tuwirang inihahayag ang literal na kahulugan ng -Banghay prowa – harap ng bangka
isang salita.  Simula,saglit na kasiglahan, tunggalian, popa – likod ng bangka
bingwit – kawil o panghuli ng isda
kasukdulan, kakalasasan, wakas.
pakikibaka – pakikipaglaban
Tayutay – pahayag na ginagamit upang maging  Kasukdulan – tulay sa wakas
salapang – harpoon, matalim na bagay na may
Maganda at kaakit-akit ang isang pahayag subalit  Kakalasan – resolusyon at kahithatnan ng
lubid dentuso – pating, Mako sharks
may . kwento.
Tema ng Nobela
Uri ng tayutay: Sa nobela, maraming pangyayari ang inilalahad, - litaw na litaw ang teoryang Realismo
1. Pagtutulad(simile) – paghahambing ng samantalang sa maikling kuwento, iisang - nilalaman ng teksto at ang matapat nitong
dalawang bagay sa pangkalahatang anyo. pangyayari lamang ang inilalahad. paggagad sa lipunan
2.Pagwawangis(metaphora) – naghahambing ng
dalawang bagay Nguni tuwiran ang ginagawang Nobela
Talumpati Paksa – ang pinag-uusapan sa pangungusap e
➢ sanaysay na binibigkas 1) Atribusyon o Modipikasyon – may paglalarawan
➢ isang mananalumpati sa harap ng publiko sa paksa ng pangungusap
➢ kaisipan ay maaaring magmula sa pananaliksik, 2) Pariralang Lokatibo/Panlunan – ang paksa ay
pagbabasa, pakikipanayam, pagmamasid, at mga nagpapahayag ng lugar.
karanasan. 3) Pariralang Nagpapahayag ng Pagmamay-ari –
gamit ng panghalip na nagpapahayag ng
Editoryal - mapanuring pagpapakahulugan ng pagmamay-ari.
kahalagahan ng isang napapanahong pangyayari.
ayunin ang magbigay ng kaalaman, Dagli
makapagpaniwala o makalibang sa mambabasa.  isang salaysay na lantaran at walang-timping
nangangaral, namumuna, nanunudyo, o kaya’y
Lathalain - batay sa tunay na pangyayari na nagpapasaring.
nagtataglay ng mga pagpapaliwanag, sanligan at  napagkakamalang katumbas ng flash fiction o
impresiyon ng sumulat. sudden fiction sa Ingles.
 Dagli mula sa Rehiyon ng Isa sa mga Isla ng
Dilma Rousseff Caribbean
 Enero 1, 2011
 kauna-unahang babaeng pangulo ng Brazil Ako Po’y Pitong Taong Gulang
matapos manalo sa eleksiyon noong 2010
 Noong 1970, dahil sa kaniyang pakikipaglaban
sa diktaturyal siya ay nakulong na tumagal ng
tatlong taon.
ADDITION:
Panaguri – pahayag tungkol sa paksa Ernest Hemingway - Ang Matanda at Ang Dagat,
1) Ingklitik – mga katagang paningit na laging mula sa nobelang “The Old Man and The Sea”.
sumusunod sa unang pangngalan, panghalip,
pandiwa, pang-uri o pang-abay. Isinalin sa Filipino mula sa Ingles ni Jesus Manuel
2) Komplemento/Kaganapan – pariralang Santiago
pangngalan na may kaugnayan sa ikagaganap
o ikalulubos ng kilos ng pandiwa.
3) Pang-abay – nagbibigay-turing sa pandiwa,
pang-uri at kapwa pangabay.