UNIT I –DOUBLE

INTEGRALS

Dr. T. VENKATESAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Statistics
St. Joseph’s College,
Trichy-2.
Double Integrals and
Volume
Objectives
 Use a double integral to represent the volume of a solid
region and use properties of double integrals.

 Evaluate a double integral as an iterated integral.

 Find the average value of a function over a region.

3
Double Integrals and Volume of a
Solid Region

4
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

You know that a definite integral over an interval uses a

limit process to assign measures to quantities such as
area, volume, arc length, and mass.

In this section, you will use a similar process to define the

double integral of a function of two variables over a region
in the plane.

5
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

Consider a continuous function f such that f(x, y) ≥ 0 for all

(x, y) in a region R in the xy-plane. The goal is to find the
volume of the solid region lying between the surface given
by
z = f(x, y) Surface lying above the xy-plane
and the xy-plane, as shown in Figure 14.8.

6
Figure 14.8
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

You can begin by superimposing a rectangular grid over

the region, as shown in Figure 14.9.

Figure 14.9

The rectangles lying entirely within R form an inner partition

Δ, whose norm ||Δ|| is defined as the length of the longest
diagonal of the n rectangles. 7
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

Next, choose a point (xi, yi) in each

rectangle and form the rectangular
prism whose height is f(xi, yi), as
shown in Figure 14.10.

Because the area of the ith rectangle is

ΔAi Area of ith rectangle
Figure 14.10
it follows that the volume of the ith prism is
f(xi, yi) ΔAi Volume of ith prism

8
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

and you can approximate the volume of the solid region by

the Riemann sum of the volumes of all n prisms,

as shown in Figure 14.11.

This approximation can be improved

by tightening the mesh of the grid to
form smaller and smaller rectangles,
as shown in Example 1.

Figure 14.11 9
 Example 1 – Approximating the Volume of a Solid

Approximate the volume of the solid lying between the

paraboloid

and the square region R given by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.

Use a partition made up of squares whose sides have a

length of

10
 Example 1 – Solution
Begin by forming the specified partition of R.

For this partition, it is convenient to choose the centers of

the subregions as the points at which to evaluate f(x, y).

11
 Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Because the area of each square is you can

approximate the volume by the sum

This approximation is shown

graphically in Figure 14.12.

The exact volume of the solid is .

Figure 14.12

12
 Example 1 – Solution cont’d

You can obtain a better approximation by using a finer

partition.

For example, with a partition of squares with sides of

length the approximation is 0.668.

13
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

In Example 1, note that by using finer partitions, you obtain

better approximations of the volume. This observation
suggests that you could obtain the exact volume by taking a
limit. That is,

Volume

14
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

The precise meaning of this limit is that the limit is equal to L

if for every  > 0 there exists a  > 0 such that

for all partitions  of the plane region R (that satisfy |||| < )
and for all possible choices of xi and yi in the ith region.

15
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

Using the limit of a Riemann sum to define volume is a

special case of using the limit to define a double integral.
The general case, however, does not require that the
function be positive or continuous.

Having defined a double integral, you will see that a definite

integral is occasionally referred to as a single integral. 16
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

Sufficient conditions for the double integral of f on the

region R to exist are that R can be written as a union of a
finite number of nonoverlapping subregions
(see Figure 14.13) that are vertically or horizontally simple
and that f is continuous on the
region R.

This means that the intersection

of two nonoverlapping regions is a
set that has an area of 0. In the figure,
the area of the line segment common
17
to R1 and R2 is 0. Figure 14.13
 Double Integrals and Volume of a Solid Region

A double integral can be used to find the volume of a solid

region that lies between the xy-plane and the surface given
by z = f(x, y).

18
Properties of Double Integrals

19
 Properties of Double Integrals
Double integrals share many properties of single integrals.

20
Evaluation of Double Integrals

21
 Evaluation of Double Integrals
Consider the solid region bounded by the plane

z = f(x, y) = 2 – x – 2y and the three coordinate planes, as

shown in Figure 14.14.

Figure 14.14 22
 Evaluation of Double Integrals
Each vertical cross section taken parallel to the yz-plane is
a triangular region whose base has a length of y = (2 – x)/2
and whose height is z = 2 – x.

This implies that for a fixed value of x, the area of the

triangular cross section is

23
 Evaluation of Double Integrals
By the formula for the volume of a solid with known cross
sections, the volume of the solid is

Figure 14.15

This procedure works no matter how A(x) is obtained. In

particular, you can find A(x) by integration, as shown in
Figure 14.15.
24
 Evaluation of Double Integrals
That is, you consider x to be constant, and integrate
z = 2 – x – 2y from 0 to (2 – x)/2 to obtain

Combining these results, you have the iterated integral

25
 Evaluation of Double Integrals
To understand this procedure better, it helps to imagine the
integration as two sweeping motions. For the inner
integration, a vertical line sweeps out the area of a cross
section. For the outer integration, the triangular cross
section sweeps out the volume, as shown in Figure 14.16.

Figure 14.16

26
Evaluation of Double Integrals

27
 Example 2 – Evaluating a Double Integral as an Iterated Integral

Evaluate

where R is the region given by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.

Solution:
Because the region R is a square,
it is both vertically and horizontally simple,
and you can use either order of integration.

Choose dy dx by placing a vertical

representative rectangle in the region,
as shown in the figure at the right. 28
 Example 2 – Solution cont’d

This produces the following.

29
Average Value of a Function

30
 Average Value of a Function
For a function f in one variable, the average value of f on

[a, b] is

Given a function f in two variables, you can find the

average value of f over the region R as shown in the
following definition.

31
 Example 6 – Finding the Average Value of a Function

Find the average value of f(x, y) = over the region R,

where R is a rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 3),
and (0, 3).

Solution:
The area of the rectangular region
R is A = 12 (see Figure 14.22).

32
Figure 14.22
 Example 6 – Solution cont’d

The average value is given by

33