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Constructivism

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16 views

Constructivism

Uploaded by

khateangeladelrosario2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONSTRUCTIVISM

AND
LEARNER-CENTERED
TEACHING

Prepared by;
Social studies students
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson you should be able


to:

 Explain what constructivism is about;


 Analyse the relationship of constructivism
and learner-centered teaching;
 Compare constructivism with cognitive
and other theories; and
 Analyse the application of constructivism
in teaching.
What is Constructivism?
 Constructivism is a learning theory
that says learners construct and
learn knowledge by doing instead of
just receiving information passively.

 This theory promotes the context of


real-life situations which usually
develop the creation of innovation.
4 Guiding Principles of
Constructivists
1.Learning is a search for meaning.
2.Meaning requires understanding of the whole
and parts,studying both the big picture and
analysing the details,focusing on primary
concepts and not isolated facts.
3.Teachers must understand the mental models
learners use to perceive the environment and
what assumptions they make to support those
mentals models.
4.Learning is when a learner individually
constructs his\her own meaning from an
experience.
Constructivism Learning Model
Concrete
Experience

Testing in new
Observation and
situations
Reflection

Forming abstract
concepts

Figure 1: Constructivism
 Contructivists believe that there
is this process of personal
interpretation going on in each
learners’s mind when they see
things or events in the
environment, including
attending lectures, reading
books, watching a model, or
watching media.
The Nature of Learning
1.LEARNING IS INCREMENTAL because active and
delliberate learning requires focus in our working
memories and this has a very limited capacity. Therefore,
we can process only limited amount of material at a
certain time.
2.LEARNING IS INTERPRETIVE meanings are not directly
communicated in words, gestures, symbols drawings of
other representations. Most often, language is very
convenient way of communication, especially if someone
speaks the same language as we do.
3.LEARNING IS ITERATIVE it means that there is iteration
or repetition . Learners adapt their models of
understanding by reflecting on their prior knowledge or
by resolving their misconceptions.
How to Change Misconceptions
 Acceptance
 Connectedness
 Multiplicity
 Implicitness
Contructivism Types
and Theorists
Cognitive constructions
–states that knowledge is actively
constructed by learners based on their
cognitive capacities, relative to their stage
of cognitive development.
- Learning is an active process of
assimilation and accomodation. Learning is
an active, contextual, personal process of
constructing knowledge rather than a
passive acquisition of knowledge.
Constructivism

Individual cognitive Social


Constructivism Constructivism
(Piaget) Dewey, Vygotsky

Radical Cultural Critical


Constructivism Constructivism Constructivism
(Ivon Glasersfeld) (Hutchinson) (Fluery)
JOHN DEWEY (1993-1998) – known as philosophical
founder of cognitive constructivism.
-He did not believe in repetitive, rote memorization of
facts. He thinks learning should be “directed living”
where learners engage in real-world practical
experience where they can demonstrate what they
know through creativity and collaboration.

JEAN PIAGET (1972) – is known for his Theory of


Cognitive Development and Developmentally
Appropriate Practice.
JEROME BRUNER (1990)- is the theorist behind
Discovery Learning
Social Constructivism - is a theory that says
knowledge is constructed through interaction with
others.
-they believe that knowledge is constructed, not
merely applied, just like cognitive constructivism, but
they take into account the influence of the social
interactions and cultural context , learning in a
collaborate process.

LEVY VYGOTSKY(1978) - is responsible for the


sociocultural theory.
-his theory is the emphasis on the role of social
interactions in cognitive development.
ALBERT BANDURA (1961 , 1963 , 1965) –
is well-known for the “Social Cognitive
Theory” his modeling behavior experiment
on aggression known as the Bobo Doll as
well as Vicarious Learning.
Direct Reinforcement – is the positive
reinforcement produced by the observers
imitation of the model.
Self-reinforcement – happens in situations
where a person has established standards
for their own behavior, and they evaluate
their behavior in relation to those
standards.
Self-efficacy – is the belief of a person in
his\her own ability to produced desired
results by himself\herself.
CONNECTIVISM and
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Connectivism theory – is about learning in
the digital age . It emphasizes how different
internet apps, programs, and websites
contribute to additional ways of learning.

Constructivisism – learning occurs when


each person tries to make sense or make
meaning of new information, based on prior
knowledge or experienced that the person
already has.
LEARNER-centered Teaching\
Constructivism and Its
Implication for Teaching

Common attributes in constructivist teaching or


learner-centered approach;

 Doing diagnosis assessments,taking into account


the learners starting point;
 Providing a sequence of topics from the students
perspective, linking to prior knowledge;
 Providing multiple representations of reality
 Emphasizing knowledge construction instead of
knowledge reproduction
 Emphasizing the use of authentic tasks in meaningful
context rather than abstract instruction out of context;
 Providing real-world settings or case- based learning
instead of sequences of instruction;
 Encouraging reflection of experience;
 Supporting construction of knowledge through social
interaction, not individual competition for recognition;
 Using hands-on learning materials and manipulatives;
 Allowing students to choose an activity;
 Asking many question,especially open-ended ones;
 Allowing students to think after posing a question;
 Not saying “that is wrong”
 Encouraging students to connect new material to familiar
ones;
 Following the lead of the learner;
 Presenting students with puzzling questions or materials;
 Asking students to justify their answers;
 Structing by using who,what,where,when,and why questions;
 Scaffolding,using verbal prompts,using reminders ,cues,clues, and
guides, and providing cue cards;
 Modeling,giving half-done examples;
 Structuring lessons so that it can be easily be understood by the
students;
 Providing support for social and emotional development;
 Providing manipulatives,experiments,;
 Providing activities involving provocation or inviting ideas;
 Communication , collaboration , and socialization among students;
 Encouraging students to explain their thinking process out loud;
 Exploring what the learners are thinking;
 Allowing students to do apprenticeship or work-based learning;
 Facilitating students creation and implementation of research
projects and expirements;
 Organizing field trips and film viewing;
 Doing “reciprocal teaching”
 Contantly doing formative assessment and authentic assessment.
ADVANTAGES OF THE
CONSTRUCTIVIST (LEARNER-CENTERED)

1.It is active
2.It promotes skills, like critical thinking,
problem-solving, analysis, evaluation,
creation, and cooperative learning;
3.It encourages learners to respect diverse
viewpoints, to reflect, to adapt to the real
world, and to evaluate their work;
4.Learners would be able to learn to apply
their knowledge under appropriate
conditions.
THANK YOU!

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