DEFINATION

 TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS ANY FORM OF COMMUNICATION THAT

INCLUDES COMMUNICATING ABOUT TECHNICAL OR SPECIALIZED TOPICS.
 THE GOAL OF TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS THE CREATION OF USER-
CENTRED PRODUCTS THAT PROVIDE APPROPRIATE INFORMATION IN A
CLEAR AND ACCESSIBLE MANNER. EACH TIME WE OPEN A WEBSITE, READ
AN INTERPRETIVE SIGN AT A HISTORICAL SITE, GLANCE THROUGH A
CATALOG OR WATCH A HOW-TO-VIDEO, WE ARE ENGAGING WITH THE
WORK OF SOME THE TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION FIELD.
 TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS THE PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING FACTS
AND INFORMATION TO A DEFINED AUDIENCE FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION IS WRITING FOR UNDERSTANDING.
TECHNICAL WRITERS PRESENT INFROMATION IN SCIENCE, ELECTRONICS OR
OTHER TECHNICAL AREAS ON A PROFESSIONAL LEVEL, BACKED UP BY DATA
AND FACTS, SO THAT THE INFORMATION IS COMPLETE AND ACCURATE.
DEFINATION

 Technical communication refers to the process of conveying technical or

specialized information in a clear, concise, and understandable manner to a
specific audience. It is a discipline that focuses on effectively transmitting
complex technical concepts, data, or instructions to individuals who may
not have the same level of technical expertise or knowledge.
 Technical communication plays a crucial role in numerous industries, such
as engineering, science, medicine, software development, manufacturing,
and more. Technical writers, engineers, scientists, educators, and
professionals from various disciplines engage in technical communication
to transfer knowledge, provide instructions, document procedures, and
facilitate collaboration among team members.
 The ultimate goal of technical communication is to bridge the gap between
technical experts and the intended audience, enabling efficient and safe
use of technical products, processes, or information.
DEFINATION

 Technical writing is a Form of descriptive writing which expresses or explains complicated

concepts or processes in understandable terms. It is generally a method of researching
and creating information about technical processes or products.
 The term Technical writing is seen from two major perspectives; educational and business
perspectives.
 In educational field technical writing is that form of writing embarked upon by
researchers and other professionals. such documents communicate a given concept
or theory. It also reports an educational research or discusses current trends in a
given field.
 In the business community however, technical writing is viewed as a kind of
communication written for and about #business and industry, it focuses on products and
services, how to manufacture, market, manage, deliver and use such products. They are of
the view that technical writing is a kind of document written in the work place, within the
organization to supervisors, colleagues, subordinates, vendors, and customers or a written
document related to a given job. It is also the ability of the writer to make the process of
installing a product user friendly.
Types of Audience

 Technical audience-
Example- patient C/O Of SOB secondary to MVA
 Semi- technical audience- this type of audience has some technical
training or works in the industry, but not directly in the field, such as
those working in related departments or those with training in related
technical areas. This might even include personnel in marketing,
finance, or administration of a technical company. The semi-technical
audience needs some explanation of concepts, jargons. Writers use
technical terms only if they are common in the company or industry.
For this audience, you might provide an orientation to the subject and
explain or interpret the terms and information.
Example- patient complains of shortness of breath, secondary to motor
vehicle accident.
Types of Audience

 Non-technical- this is the general public, an unknown audience, or

any combination of technical, semi-technical, and non-technical
readers, including customers, clients and patients. It might also
include upper management- a group that is uninvolved with technical
activities, but must have enough information to make decisions for
the company.
Example- your husband was involved in a car accident. He is alert,
cooperative, and oriented. We are treating him for five broken ribs on his
right side, which are each broken in several places, called flail chest.
This can cause breathing difficulties and even lung damage.
characteristics of technical
communication
 Clarity: Technical communication aims to be clear and unambiguous,
avoiding jargon or complex language that could lead to confusion.
 Audience-Centered: It considers the needs, knowledge, and
expectations of the target audience. The information is tailored to suit the
audience's level of understanding and familiarity with technical terms.
 Accuracy: Technical communication emphasizes accuracy and precision in
conveying information. Errors or inaccuracies could lead to serious
consequences, especially in technical fields.
 Conciseness: Information is presented concisely, omitting unnecessary
details while maintaining the essential content.
 Accessibility: It aims to make technical information accessible to a
broader audience, not just experts in the field. This is especially important
in fields like medicine, engineering, and technology.
characteristics of technical
communication
 Visual Aids: Effective technical communication often employs visual
aids, such as diagrams, charts, graphs, and illustrations, to enhance
understanding.
 Various Formats: Technical communication can take various forms,
including written documents, manuals, reports, presentations, videos,
and online content.
Importance of Technical
Communication
 Understanding: Technical communication ensures that complex
and intricate information is conveyed in a clear and concise manner.
It helps break down complicated concepts into digestible pieces,
making it easier for both experts and non-experts to understand.
 Knowledge Sharing: In technical fields, knowledge is often
specialized and valuable. Effective technical communication allows
experts to share their insights, discoveries, and expertise with others,
enabling collective learning and advancement.
 Safety and Risk Mitigation: In industries such as engineering,
healthcare, and manufacturing, improper communication can lead to
serious consequences, including safety hazards and risks. Clear
communication of protocols, procedures, and safety guidelines helps
prevent accidents and ensures the well-being of individuals.
Importance of Technical
Communication
 innovation and Problem Solving: Technical communication fosters
innovation by facilitating collaboration and the exchange of ideas.
Effective communication among multidisciplinary teams can lead to
creative problem-solving and the development of innovative solutions
 Documentation and Accountability: Documentation through
technical communication is essential for recording processes,
procedures, and project details. It serves as a reference for future
work, allows for quality control, and establishes accountability.
 Efficient Project Management: Clear communication of project
requirements, timelines, and objectives is crucial for project
management. It helps stakeholders understand their roles, monitor
progress, and ensure projects are completed on time and within
budget.
Importance of Technical
Communication
 Effective Training and Education: In educational settings, technical communication is
essential for conveying knowledge to students. It helps educators break down complex
subjects into understandable lessons and provides students with the information they need
to excel in their studies.
 Product Development and Marketing: Technical communication plays a vital role in
product development by conveying specifications, design details, and user instructions. In
marketing, effective communication highlights product features and benefits, influencing
consumers' purchasing decisions.
EXAMPLE- Engineers and designers collaborate to develop the specifications for the new
smartphone. Technical writers document these specifications, detailing aspects such as
processor speed, camera resolution, battery capacity, and connectivity options. This
documentation serves as a reference for the development team and ensures that everyone is
aligned with the product's intended features.
Marketing teams use technical documentation to create accurate and compelling product
descriptions for promotional materials. They highlight the smartphone's features, emphasizing
specifications like camera capabilities, battery life, and display quality. The technical details
are transformed into user-friendly language that resonates with the target audience.
Importance of Technical
Communication
 To provide organized information that aids in quick decision-making.
 To invite corporate joint venture
Importance of Technical
Communication
 Customer Support: Technical communication is integral to providing
effective customer support. User manuals, FAQs, and troubleshooting
guides help customers understand and resolve issues with products
or services.
 Professional Development: Strong technical communication skills
enhance employability and career advancement. Professionals who
can communicate complex information effectively are often valued
for their ability to contribute to team success
 Decision Making: Technical writing provides relevant data, analysis,
and insights that support informed decision-making. Technical
documents, reports, and studies present factual information that
helps stakeholders make well-informed choices.
EXAMPLES

 User Manuals: Comprehensive guides that provide step-by-step

instructions for setting up, using, and maintaining products, such as
electronics, appliances, and software.
 Engineering Reports: Detailed documents that communicate the
findings, analyses, and conclusions of engineering projects,
experiments, or research studies.
 Whitepapers: In-depth documents that explain complex concepts,
technologies, or theories, often used by businesses to educate their
audience about industry trends.
 Safety Guidelines: Documents that outline safety procedures,
protocols, and precautions for handling equipment, chemicals, or
hazardous environments.
EXAMPLES

 Project Proposals: Formal documents that outline project

objectives, scope, methodology, and budget to seek approval and
funding.
 Training Materials: Materials created to train employees or users on
specific tasks, processes, or skills, often including presentations,
videos, and interactive modules.
 Presentations: Slideshows or visual aids used to convey technical
information to an audience, often during meetings, seminars, or
conferences.
 Emails and Memos: Brief written communications within
organizations, conveying important information, updates, or
instructions among team members or departments.
Importance of technical
communication for students

 Effective Collaboration: In academic and professional settings,

students often work in teams or collaborate with peers. Strong
technical communication skills allow them to collaborate more
effectively, ensuring everyone is on the same page and contributing
productively.
 Professional Development: As students transition to the
professional world, effective technical communication becomes a
critical skill. Employers value candidates who can convey complex
information to various audiences, including colleagues, clients, and
stakeholders.
Importance of technical
communication for students
 Knowledge Dissemination: Students may need to share their
research findings, project outcomes, or innovative ideas with a
broader audience. Technical communication skills enable them to
convey their work's significance and impact, contributing to the
advancement of their field.
 Research and Documentation: Technical communication involves
documenting research methodologies, results, and conclusions
accurately. Proper documentation ensures that others can understand
and replicate the work, contributing to the body of knowledge.
 Career Advancement: Students who can communicate technical
information effectively are more likely to excel in their careers. They
can write compelling reports, deliver persuasive presentations, and
communicate their expertise confidently.
Importance of technical
communication for students
 Critical Thinking: Developing technical communication skills
encourages critical thinking. Students must analyze their audience's
needs, determine the most effective way to convey information, and
anticipate potential questions or concerns.
 Globalization: In today's interconnected world, students often
interact with diverse audiences from different cultural backgrounds.
Effective technical communication helps bridge language and cultural
barriers, ensuring information is understood correctly.
 Adaptability: Technical communication skills can be applied across
various mediums, such as written documents, presentations, videos,
and online platforms. Students who are versatile communicators can
adapt to different communication channels.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN
TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION
 AUDIENCE
 PURPOSE – THE PURPOSE OF A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT COULD BE TO
INFORM, EXPLAIN, DESCRIBE, PERSUADE, OR RECORD YOUR
ACTIONS.
 FORMAT- it can be written in following formats
REPORTS, SUCH AS LAB REPORTS, PRODUCT SPECIFICATION OR QUALITY
TEST RESULTS.
INSTRUCTIONS SUCH AS USER GUIDES, ONLINE HELPS, TRAINING
MANUALS.
CORRESPONDENCE SUCH AS LETTERS, EMAILS
PRESENTATION SUCH AS MARKETING CALL OR TRAINING SEMINARS.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN
TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION
 STYLE- WRITERS BASE THE STYLE OF THE DOCUMENT ON THE
AUDIENCE, PURPOSE AND FORMAT. THE LANGUAGE CAN INCLUDE
MANY TECHNICAL TERMS,CALLED JARGON OR IT CAN INCLUDE
GENERAL TERMS. THE DOCUMENT MIGHT NEED A VISIBLE
STRUCTURE OF HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS OR EVEN CHAPTERS
TO IDENTIFY THE FLOW OF INFORMATION, SUCH AS PRODUCT
SPECIFICATION OR MANUAL. OR THE DOCUMENT MIGHT NOT NEED
VISIBLE CLUES FOR STRUCTURE, SUCH AS A CASUAL E-MAIL
FOCUSED ON ONLY ONE TOPIC, COMPRISED OF ONLY FEW
PARAGRAPHS.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL
WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING
Purpose and Focus:
 Technical Communication: This type of communication is specifically
aimed at conveying technical or specialized information to a specific
audience. It often involves explaining complex concepts, processes,
procedures, or instructions related to technology, science, engineering,
or other technical fields. The primary goal is to ensure that the
audience understands and can effectively use the information provided.
 General Communication: General communication encompasses a
broad range of communication that occurs in various contexts and
settings. It includes everyday conversations, social interactions,
personal exchanges, and informal discussions. The purpose of general
communication is to convey thoughts, ideas, emotions, or information
without a specific technical or specialized focus
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL
WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING
Audience:
 Technical Communication: The audience for technical
communication is typically composed of individuals who have a
specific interest or need for technical information. This could include
professionals, experts, technicians, engineers, or anyone seeking
detailed and precise instructions or explanations in a particular field.
 General Communication: The audience for general communication
is more diverse and can include people from all walks of life. It
encompasses communication with family, friends, colleagues,
acquaintances, and the general public.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL
WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING
Language and Terminology:
 Technical Communication: Technical communication often involves
the use of specialized terminology, jargon, and specific language
related to the field being discussed. The language used is precise,
formal, and geared towards conveying information accurately.
 General Communication: General communication uses everyday
language that is accessible to a wide range of people. While some
jargon might be used depending on the context, the language tends
to be more informal and adaptable to the understanding of the
general audience.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL
WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING
Content and Structure:
 Technical Communication: Technical communication often includes
detailed explanations, diagrams, charts, graphs, and step-by-step
instructions. It focuses on providing comprehensive and organized
information to guide the audience through complex processes.
 General Communication: General communication covers a broader
spectrum of content, including personal anecdotes, stories, opinions,
small talk, and informal discussions. The structure may be less rigid
and more spontaneous, depending on the context.
 TECHNICAL
COMMUNICATION
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TECHNICAL
WRITING AND GENERAL WRITING
Medium and Channels:
 Technical Communication: Technical communication can occur
through various mediums, including technical documents, reports,
manuals, presentations, websites, and instructional videos, tailored to
the audience's needs.
 General Communication: General communication takes place
through face-to-face conversations, emails, social media posts, phone
calls, and other informal means of interaction.
MEANING OF TECHNICAL WRITING

 Technical writing refers to the practice of creating written content that

effectively communicates complex and specialized information in a
clear, concise, and understandable manner. The primary goal of
technical writing is to convey technical or specialized information to a
specific audience, such as professionals, experts, or individuals who
require detailed instructions, explanations, or documentation related
to a particular subject.
Key characteristics of technical
writing include
Clarity and Precision: Technical writing emphasizes clarity and
precision in language. It avoids ambiguity and uses clear and concise
terms to convey information accurately.
Structure and Organization: Technical documents are well-structured
and organized, often using headings, subheadings, lists, and other
formatting elements to make the content easily navigable.
Objective Tone: Technical writing maintains an objective and factual
tone, avoiding personal opinions or emotional language. It focuses on
presenting information in an unbiased manner.
Specialized Terminology: Technical writing may incorporate industry-
specific terminology and jargon relevant to the subject matter. However,
it should also provide explanations or definitions for these terms to
ensure understanding.
Stages of technical communication

 Planning:
Define your purpose: Determine why you are communicating and what
you want to achieve. Are you explaining a process, providing
instructions, or presenting data?
Identify your audience: Understand who your audience is, their level of
technical knowledge, their needs, and their expectations. This will help
you tailor your communication appropriately.
Set objectives: Clearly define what you want to accomplish with your
communication. Are you aiming to educate, persuade, inform, or guide
your audience?
Stages of technical communication

 Gathering Information:
Research: Collect all the necessary information related to the topic
you're communicating about. This could involve reading technical
documents, conducting experiments, interviewing experts, or studying
relevant materials.
 Organizing:
Structure: Determine the most effective way to organize your
information. This might involve creating an outline, dividing content into
sections or chapters, and deciding on a logical flow.
Hierarchical organization: Arrange your content in a hierarchical manner,
with headings, subheadings, and bullet points to make it easier for your
audience to navigate and understand.
Stages of technical communication

 Creating Content:
Writing: Craft your content using clear and concise language. Use appropriate
technical terminology, but also make sure to explain complex terms or
concepts for a non-technical audience.
Visual aids: Incorporate diagrams, charts, graphs, images, and other visual
aids to enhance understanding. Visuals can often simplify complex
information.
 Editing and Revising:
Review for clarity: Ensure your content is easy to understand and follow.
Remove any ambiguities , jargon that might confuse your audience.
Check accuracy: Verify that the technical information you're presenting is
accurate and up to date. Errors in technical communication can lead to
misunderstandings or even safety issues.
Stages of technical communication

 Formatting and Design:

Layout: Organize your content in a visually appealing way. Use
consistent fonts, formatting, and spacing to make the document easy to
read.
Use of headings and subheadings: Break down your content into
sections with informative headings, allowing readers to quickly find the
information they need
 Review and Feedback:
Peer review: Have colleagues or subject matter experts review your
content to catch any errors, inconsistencies, or areas for improvement.
User testing: If applicable, test your communication with representative
members of your target audience to gather feedback on its clarity and
effectiveness.
Stages of technical communication

 Finalization: Proofreading: Conduct a final review to catch any

remaining grammatical errors, typos, or formatting issues.
Distribution: Share your communication through appropriate channels,
such as print, email, websites, or technical documentation platforms.
 Feedback :
Continuous improvement: Gather feedback from your audience and
stakeholders. Use this feedback to update and improve your
communication materials for future iterations.
TYPES OF WRITING

 Narrative Writing: Narrative writing tells a story, whether fictional

or based on real events. It includes novels, short stories,
autobiographies, memoirs, and personal narratives.
 Descriptive Writing: Descriptive writing vividly portrays scenes,
objects, people, or experiences using sensory details. It aims to
create a sensory-rich image in the reader's mind.
 Expository Writing: Expository writing explains, informs, or
describes a topic using facts, evidence, and examples. It includes
essays, research papers, textbooks, and explanatory articles.
 Persuasive Writing: Persuasive writing aims to convince the reader
of a specific point of view or opinion. It includes argumentative
essays, opinion pieces, advertisements, and speeches.
TYPES OF WRITING

 Argumentative Writing: Similar to persuasive writing,

argumentative writing presents a clear argument supported by
evidence, logic, and reasoning to sway the reader's opinion.
 Informative Writing: Informative writing provides factual and
objective information about a subject. It includes news articles,
encyclopedias, how-to guides, and educational content.
 Technical Writing: Technical writing communicates complex or
specialized information to a specific audience. It includes manuals,
guides, reports, and documentation for technical or scientific fields.
 Creative Writing: Creative writing involves artistic expression and
imagination. It includes poetry, fiction, plays, and creative nonfiction.
TYPES OF WRITING

 Journalistic Writing: Journalistic writing presents news, events, or

information in a concise and unbiased manner. It includes news articles,
feature stories, and investigative reports.
 Academic Writing: Academic writing is used in educational settings and
involves research papers, essays, dissertations, and scholarly articles.
 Business Writing: Business writing is used in a professional context and
includes emails, memos, reports, business plans, and marketing
materials.
 Scriptwriting: Scriptwriting involves writing scripts for various media,
such as movies, TV shows, plays, and radio broadcasts.
 Poetry: Poetry is a form of creative writing characterized by rhythm,
meter, and often figurative language. It includes various forms like
sonnets, haikus, and free verse.
TYPES OF WRITING

 Blogging: Blogging involves writing online articles on various topics

for personal or professional purposes.
 Social Media Writing: Social media writing involves crafting concise
and engaging content for platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and
Facebook.
 Travel Writing: Travel writing captures the experiences,
observations, and emotions of a traveler, often in a narrative form.
 Acrostic Writing: Acrostic writing uses the letters of a word or
phrase to begin each line, often to convey a hidden message or
theme.
TECHNIQUES OF WRITNG

 Clear and Concise Language: Use precise and straightforward

language to communicate your ideas without ambiguity. Avoid
unnecessary jargon or overly complex terms.
 Avoid Contractions: In formal writing, avoid contractions (e.g., "don't,"
"can't," "won't") and use the full forms ("do not," "cannot," "will not") for
a more formal tone.
 Third-Person Point of View: Use third-person pronouns (he, she, it,
they) instead of first-person (I, we) or second-person (you) pronouns.
This creates a sense of objectivity and professionalism.
 Structured Paragraphs: Organize your content into well-structured
paragraphs with clear topic sentences, supporting details, and
transitions between ideas.
 Eliminate redundancy
TECHNIQUES OF WRITNG

 Avoid Slang and Informal Language: Steer clear of slang, colloquialisms,

and informal expressions. Maintain a formal tone throughout your writing.
 Avoid Abbreviations: Spell out terms and phrases instead of using
abbreviations unless they are widely recognized and accepted.
 Cite Sources Properly: If referencing external sources, use a consistent
citation style (e.g., APA, MLA) and provide proper attribution to avoid
plagiarism.
 Avoid Personal Opinions: In formal writing, focus on presenting facts,
evidence, and logical arguments rather than expressing personal opinions or
emotions.
 Precise Vocabulary: Choose words carefully to convey your ideas
accurately. Avoid using overly complex vocabulary if simpler terms suffice.
 Eliminate unnecessary adverbs
TECHNIQUES OF WRITNG

 Passive Voice: While active voice is generally preferred for clarity, there are
instances in formal writing where passive voice can be used to emphasize the action.
 Proofreading and Editing: Thoroughly proofread and edit your work to eliminate
grammatical errors, typos, and inconsistencies.
 Formatting: Adhere to the appropriate formatting guidelines for your specific type
of formal writing, whether it's an academic paper, a business report, or a formal letter.
 Hedging Language: In academic or cautious writing, use hedging language to
indicate degrees of certainty (e.g., "may," "might," "could").
 Objective Analysis: Present your arguments or analysis objectively, supporting your
claims with evidence and logical reasoning.
 Balanced Arguments: When presenting opposing viewpoints, provide a balanced
and fair representation before refuting them.
 Respectful Address: If addressing individuals or groups, use appropriate titles and
honorifics (Mr., Mrs., Dr., Professor) to convey respect.
Importance of effective writing

 Clear Communication: Effective writing enables you to convey your

thoughts, ideas, and information clearly and concisely. It ensures that your
message is easily understood by your target audience, reducing the risk of
miscommunication.
 Professionalism: In the professional world, clear and well-structured
writing is a hallmark of professionalism.
 Academic Success: In educational settings, effective writing is essential
for academic success. It's the primary medium through which students are
evaluated and assessed. Strong writing skills are often necessary for
achieving higher grades and academic achievements.
 Information Dissemination: In journalism, technical writing, and content
creation, effective writing is the key to disseminating accurate information
to the public. Journalists, for example, rely on clear and unbiased writing to
inform the public about current events.
Importance of effective writing

 Persuasion: Whether you're writing a persuasive essay, a business

proposal, or a political speech, the ability to persuade others through
writing is a valuable skill. Effective writing can influence opinions,
decisions, and actions.
 Global Communication: In an increasingly interconnected world,
effective writing enables communication across language barriers.
Clear and well-structured writing can facilitate understanding among
people from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.
Methods of effective writing

 Read Regularly
 Write Every Day
 Study Grammar and Style
 Seek Feedback
 Experiment with Different Genres
Methods of improving technical
writing skills
 Study Technical Documents: Analyze well-written technical documents in your
field, such as research papers, technical reports, and user manuals. Pay attention to
their structure, clarity, and use of technical terminology.
 Understand Your Audience: Always consider your target audience when writing
technical documents. Tailor your language and level of detail to match their
knowledge and expertise.
 Master Technical Jargon: Familiarize yourself with the specialized terminology of
your field. Use technical terms appropriately and consistently, but also provide clear
explanations when necessary for non-expert readers.
 Follow a Style Guide: Many technical fields have specific style guides (e.g., APA,
IEEE, Chicago) that dictate formatting, citations, and other writing conventions.
Adhere to these guides to maintain consistency and professionalism.
 Stay Current: Stay up-to-date with the latest developments in your field.
Technology and terminology evolve, so your technical writing should reflect current
standards and practices.
MEANING

 Listening is the process of receiving, perceiving meaning from, and

creating and sending meaningful and accurate response to the
sender.

 The most basic of all human needs is the need to understand and be
understood. The best way to understand people is to listen to them.
Process of listening
Types Of Listening

 APPRECIATIVE
 CRITICAL
 COMPREHENSIVE
 EVALUATIVE
 EMPATHETIC
 SUPERFICIAL
TYPES OF LISTENERS

 people-oriented listener
 Action-oriented listeners
 Content-oriented listeners
 time-oriented listening
Why Listening Is Difficult

 Physical Noise
 Psychological Noise
 Physiological Noise
 Semantic Noise
 Attention Span
 Receiver Biases
Ways to Improve Listening

 Be Open to New Ideas

 Take Notes
 Top-down processes
 Pay attention to discourse markers, visual body language, tones and
pauses.
 Relate one part of the next to another.
 Learn to relax before and during listening.
 Predict general content before listening using context and prior
knowledge.
 Encourage oneself to continue listening
 listen wholeheartedly and without bias
Speaking

 Speaking is "the process of building and sharing meaning through the

use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts“
 Speaking is defined as an interactive process of constructing meaning
that involves producing and processing information. Its form and
meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs.
 speaking is defined as the production of auditory signals designed to
produce differential verbal responses in a listener. It is considered as
combining sounds in a systematic way, according to language specific
principles to form meaningful utterances.
Purpose of speaking

 1. Personal - expressing personal feelings, opinions, beliefs and ideas.

 2. Descriptive- describing someone or something, real or imagined.
 3. Narrative-creating and telling stories or chronologically sequenced events.
 4. Instructive-giving instructions or providing directions designed to produce an outcome.
 5. Questioning-asking questions to obtain information.
 6. Comparative-comparing two or more objects, people, ideas, or opinions to make judgments
about them.
 7. Imaginative-expressing mental images of people, places, events, and objects.
 8. Predictive-predicting possible future events.
 9. Interpretative-exploring meanings, creating hypothetical , and considering inferences.
 10. Persuasive-changing others’ opinions, attitudes, or points of view, or influencing the
behavior of others in some way.
 11. Explanatory-explaining, clarifying, and supporting ideas and opinions.
 12. Informative-sharing information with others
Speaking skills

 Speaking skills are the skills that give us the ability to communicate
effectively.
 These skills allow the speaker, to convey his message in a passionate,
thoughtful, and convincing manner.
 Speaking skills also help to assure that one won't be misunderstood
by those who are listening

What to do before speaking ?

 Be an active listener
 Be a quick organizer of thoughts
 Structure your speech in your mind
Speaking skills

 Be prepared and practice

 Know your audience
 Keep it short and simple
 Interact with your audience
 Speak with sincerity and passion
 Fluency
TIPS FOR CLEAR SPEAKING SKILLS

 1. Give yourself a few seconds to think what you’ll say before you
start to speak
 2. Remember to say words in the same way as you heard them, not
how you see them written
 3. Speak reasonably slowly at first but as naturally as you can
 4. Get extra practice by participating in group conversation lessons
and activities that involve
 talking about certain topics, or acting out real-life situations like
buying a train ticket, or doing a job interview.
THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF SPEAKING
SKILLS
 Pronunciation- pronunciation is the way to speak a language and a
way in which a word is pronounced.
 Vocabulary- Vocabulary is one of five speaking ability components,
which has an important role in speaking English skill. If the students
have a lot of vocabularies, their speaking will be fluent and they are
not confused in pronouncing or producing a lot of words just because
have many vocabularies.
 Grammar- grammar is a description of the rules that govern how a
language’s sentences are formed. Is mean that Grammar is the study
of how to combine words into a sentence and the forms of words. If
the students mastering grammar, someone can master speaking of
language.
 Fluency:Fluency is the ability to hear words and understand them
straight away
Types of Speech Delivery

 Extemporaneous speeches
 Manuscript speeches
 Memorized speeches
 Aristotle’s Appeals
 The Three Ws
The Importance Of Speaking
Skills
 Getting Them To Say ‘Yes’
 Developing A Career Edge
 Becoming An Expert