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Lecture3 SignalsSystems Review 18 Slides

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5 views

Lecture3 SignalsSystems Review 18 Slides

Uploaded by

Vineesh K Vinod
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AV314 - Communication Systems I

(Analog Communication Systems)

Review of important concepts from Signals & Systems

Reference: Upamanyu Madhow (UM) - Chapter 1


Complex numbers
• A compact way to represent amplitude and phase information

• An important identity to keep in mind - Euler's identity

• How do we express cos() and sin() in terms of this complex exponential?


Signals
• Signals are functions of time

Continuous valued functions

Time is either continuous or discrete

• The usual engineering approach applies here !


• When thinking about signals (or anything) we try to approximate it by simpler things that we can handle!

• Examples of “simple” signals



Impulse (Dirac delta) functions

What is the sifting property of impulse function?

Why is the impulse function important?
Signals

• Examples of “simple” signals



Indicator functions

How does the boxcar or indicator function help us in compactly specifying these two signals?
Signals
• Sinc functions

Why is the sinc function so important for us?


A small detour
• Recall that in our definition of the communication problem we had used a function error(d(t), m(t))

• Suppose m(t) is a voice signal. What is a good choice for error() ?



d(t) needs to be “similar” to m(t) - there is no need for them to be equal

• How do we define “similarity”?

• Signals are like vectors !



A simple illustration - a finite extent signal can be represented by a “closely sampled” sequence of values

The sequence of values is a vector!

There are better ways of thinking about signals as vectors - but this will serve as motivation


“Dot - product” of signals
Energy and Power
• Energy of a signal


Power of a signal

Exercise: Compute the power of a sinusoid


What is a system?
• Examples of systems ...
• We consider systems that transform an input signal x(t) to an output signal y(t)

• We need to think about systems ...



Why?

How do we think about systems?

Mathematical model of systems?

Functions/Compostion of functions

• Specific and useful models



Linear

Time invariant


What do you mean by a linear system?

What do you mean by a time invariant system?

Can you give an example of a non-linear system?

Can you give an example of a time-variant system?

What is a memoryless system?

Can you give an example of a memoryless system which is not (linear and time invariant)?
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems
• Why are LTI models useful?

• What characterizes an LTI system(remember that it is a model) completely?


Do non-LTI systems have impulse responses?


For any input we can obtain an output using convolution


How do you show this?

• Why are LTI system models useful for communication systems?


Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems: Example
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems: Example

When faced with a need to compute


convolutions - use simple functions like
this!

Decompose your signal to such known


functions!
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) systems: Example

Obtain the convolution of the following signals.


A LTI model for a channel

Consider a wire


Can you suggest a LTI model for the wire?


What is the impulse response?


How valid do you think this LTI model is?
Fourier transforms

Why are we interested in Fourier transforms?


Signals (belonging to a large class) can be represented as a sum (or an integral) of complex exponentials

Complex exponentials are eigen functions of LTI systems


Can you derive this property?


Therefore, it is easy to find the output for any signal expressed as the sum/integral of complex exponentials

The Fourier transform of the input signal is important for us

The Fourier transform of the impulse response is important for us
Fourier transforms

What is Fourier transform (and inverse Fourier transform?)


Quick review of some properties of Fourier transforms
Fourier transforms: some more properties
Fourier transforms: some more properties
Some Fourier transforms to keep in mind

If

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