Measuring

Instrument
s
International Training Centre, Butibori

9001:2008
CERTIFIED INSTITUTE
By
 Instrum ents

• Steel Rule
• Inside & Outside caliper
• Vernier Caliper
• Micrometer
• Height Gauge
• Gauge blocks
• Bevel Protractor
• Try Square
• Combination Square
• Dial Gauge
 STEEL RULE

• Used for general measurements

• Graduated in millimeters and
centimeters.

Care
• Handle carefully.
• The zero end of the rule must be sharp
• Kept in perfect condition to maintain
accuracy.
MEASURING WITH A S T E E L R U L E

• Generally measure
to an accuracy of 1
mm.
• S ome measure to
an
accuracy of 0.5mm.

To measure length:
• Place the of the ruler flush with start of
end material.
• Look at exact place on rule where material ends.
• Read length on ruler scale.
 INSIDE & OUTSIDE CALIPER
• Generally a spring caliper.
• Has no scale - cannot be used by itself.
• Commonly used for measure inside & outside diameter.

“Outside”

“Inside”
 VERNIER CALIPER

Common Uses of Vernier Calipers

Depth Inside Diameter Outside Diameter

Measurement Measurement Measurement
V E R N I E R C A L I P E R M AT E R I A L

 There are a number of alloys which can be used to

manufacture vernier calipers but the material most widely
used for the manufacturing of vernier calipers is 440C grade
Stainless steel.
 It is suitable because of its superior wear resistance, hardness
and a high ultimate tensile strength which makes it able to
withstand high stresses.
 In addition its ability to resist corrosion makes it a popular
choice.
 The stainless steel is further strengthened by heat treatment
which improves its ability to resist permanent dents and lessens
the impact of wear compared to other stainless steel alloys.
 The treatment even improves the Ultimate tensile strength of the
material.
P A RT S OF VERNIER CALIPER
P A RT S OF D I G I TA L V E R N I E R C A L I P E R
MEASURING INTERNAL DIAMETER

Use the inside jaws of the caliper as shown in fig.

MEASURING EXTERNAL DIAMETER

Use the outside jaws of the caliper as shown

MEASURING DEPTH OF A OBJECT

Use the depth gauge of the

caliper as shown in fig.
LEAST COUNT

The "Least Count" of any measuring

equipment is the smallest quantity that can be
measured accurately using that instrument.

Value of one main scale division

Least Count = -----------------------------------------------------
Total number of
vernier scale division

TR = M S R + (VSR
x LC)

TR:- Total Reading

MSR:-
Main Scale Reading VSR:-
Vernier Scale Reading LC:-
Least Count
LEAST COUNT OF VERNIER CALIPER

Value of one main scale division

Least Count = -----------------------------------------------------
Total number of
vernier scale division

1
Least Count = -------
50

Least Count = 0.02 mm

 READING THE VERNIER SCALE
EXERCISE

• Read the “0” position of the

vernier scale on the main scale
to get a rough reading.
• Main scale reading = 18mm

• Look along the vernier scale

until one of the vernier
division coincides with the
main scale
• Vernier scale reading= 23

• TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
• TR = 18 + (23 x 0.02)
• TR = 18 + 0.46
• T R = 18.46 mm
WORKING OF VERNIER CALIPER
WORKING OF VERNIER CALIPER

MAIN S CALE

VERNIER SCALE
EXERCISE 1

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 1

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 11mm = 11 + (39 x 0.02)
Vernier scale reading= 39 = 11 + 0.78
T R = 11.78 mm
EXERCISE 2

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 2

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 17mm = 17 + (20 x 0.02)
Vernier scale reading= 20 = 17 + 0.40
T R = 17.40 mm
EXERCISE 3

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 3

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 0mm = 0+ (45 x 0.02)
Vernier scale reading= 45 = 0 + 0.90
T R = 0.90 mm
EXERCISE 4

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 4

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 7mm = 7 + (33 x 0.02)
Vernier scale reading= 33 = 7 + 0.66
T R = 7.66 mm
EXERCISE 5

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 5

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 33mm = 33 + (16 x
Vernier scale reading= 16 0.02)
= 33 + 0.32
T R = 33.32 mm
EXERCISE 6

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 6

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 39mm = 39 + (41 x
Vernier scale reading= 41 0.02)
= 39 + 0.82
T R = 39.82 mm
EXERCISE 7

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 7

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 0mm = 0 + (0 x 0.02)
Vernier scale reading= 0 = 0 + 0.0
T R = 0.00 mm
EXERCISE 8

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 8

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 56mm = 56 + (9 x 0.02)
Vernier scale reading= 9 = 56 + 0.18
T R = 56.18 mm
EXERCISE 9

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
EXERCISE 9

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 64mm = 64 + (36 x
Vernier scale reading= 36 0.02)
= 64 + 0.72
T R = 64.72 mm
E X E R C I S E 10

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
E X E R C I S E 10

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 73mm = 73 + (19 x
Vernier scale reading= 19 0.02)
= 73 + 0.38
T R = 73.38 mm
E X E R C I S E 11

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading =
Vernier scale reading=
E X E R C I S E 11

TR = M S R + (VSR x LC)
Main scale reading = 87mm = 87 + (17 x
Vernier scale reading= 17 0.02)
= 87 + 0.34
T R = 87.34 mm
D I G I TA L V E R N I E R C A L I P E R S

• Latest advancement.
• Measurement converted to digital readout.
• Similar to conventional calipers.
• Scale can be calibrated in both inches and centimeters.
• More rugged.
• More accurate.
• Better repeatability.
• Easier to handle & read.
MICROMETERS
M AT E R I A L OF MICROMETER
 The micrometer is generally made of cast steel or malleable cast
iron
 Anvil & Spindle faces tipped with tungsten carbide for
increase hardness.
S TA N DA R D OUTSIDE MICROMETER
D I G I TA L OUTSIDE MICROMETER
LEAST COUNT OF MICROMETER

Pitch
Least Count =
-----------------------------------------------------
Number of division on circular scale

0.5
Least Count = -------
50

Least Count = 0.01 mm

T R = M S R + ( C S R x LC )

TR:- Total Reading

MSR:- Main Scale Reading
VSR:- Circular Scale Reading
LC:- Least Count
 Micrometers
• Measure in hundredths of a millimeter (0.01 mm)
• One complete turn of thimble = 1/2 mm.
• Sleeve marked in “millimeters” below the line.
• Marked in half-millimeters above line.
• Thimble marked in 50 divisions.
- Each division = 1/50 of a 1/2 millimeter or 1/100 (.01)mm.

Step 1. Note whole millimeter mark on sleeve.

Step 2. Note whether a half-mm mark is showing between whole millimeter
mark and thimble.
Step 3. Read thimble for hundredths reading.
Step 4. Add readings.
EXERCISE

Main scale reading = 10.5mm

Circular scale reading= 16

TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)
TR = 10.5 + (16 x 0.01)
TR = 10.5 + 0.16
T R = 10.66 mm
 EXERCISE 1

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 1

Main scale reading = 2 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 11 TR = 2 + (11 x 0.01)
TR = 2 + 0.11
T R = 2.11 mm
 EXERCISE 2

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 2

Main scale reading = 5.5 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 16 TR = 5.5 + (16 x 0.01)
TR = 5.5 + 0.16
T R = 5.66 mm
 EXERCISE 3

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 3

Main scale reading = 7.5 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 27 TR = 7.5 + (27 x 0.01)
TR = 7.5 + 0.27
T R = 7.77 mm
 EXERCISE 4

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 4

Main scale reading = 11 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 17 TR = 11 + (17 x 0.01)
TR = 11 + 0.17
T R = 11.17 mm
 EXERCISE 5

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 5

Main scale reading = 13 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 18 TR = 13 + (18 x 0.01)
TR = 13 + 0.18
T R = 13.18 mm
 EXERCISE 6

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 6

Main scale reading = 16.5 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 23 TR = 16.5 + (23 x 0.01)
TR = 16.5 + 0.23
T R = 16.73 mm
 EXERCISE 7

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 7

Main scale reading = 25 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 0 TR = 25 + (0 x 0.01)
TR = 25 + 0.00
T R = 25.00 mm
 EXERCISE 8

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 8

Main scale reading = 20.5 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 29 TR = 20.5 + (29 x 0.01)
TR = 20.5 + 0.29
T R = 20.79 mm
 EXERCISE 9

Main scale reading = TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading =
 EXERCISE 9

Main scale reading = 24 mm TR = M S R + (CSR x LC)

Circular scale reading = 9 TR = 24 + (9 x 0.01)
TR = 24 + 0.09
T R = 24.09 mm
SPECIAL P URPOSE MICROMETER
 Micrometer Adjustments
• Removing Play
- Back off the thimble.
- Insert a C-spanner into slot or hole of adjusting nut.
- Turn adjusting nut clockwise until play between
threads is eliminated.
 Micrometer Adjustments
• Adjusting Accuracy
- Clean measuring faces and check for damage.
- Closes faces.
- Turn sleeve until index line on sleeve matches zero (0)
line on thimble.

- Recheck accuracy by opening and closing faces.

Rating should be zero (0).
Care of the Micrometer
• Close faces carefully to avoid damage.
• Keep micrometer clean. Wipe with oily cloth. Oil threads.
• Not too much pressure.
• Clean face of anvil and spindle before use.
• Check for accuracy. Close faces - should read zero (0).
• Don’t lay unit where it could fall.
• Don’t twirl micrometer to open or close a great distance.
• Clean and oil for long term storage. Place in box.
INSIDE MICROMETERS
• For internal measurements larger than 1-1/2 inch
• Consists of:
- Micrometer head - Range of 1/2 to 1 inch.
- Extension rods- different lengths inserted in head.
- 1/2 inch spacing collar.
Uses of Inside Micrometers
 D I G I TA L M I C R O M E T E R S

• Modern Version - Results Displayed Electronically

• Delicate instrument - handle with care.

How to Read Digital Micrometers

a. Before taking reading, do the following:
- Turn display on.
- Press button to activate desired scale.
- Slowly close micrometer until ratchet engages.
- Zero micrometer by pressing Origin or Set button.

b. For thickness reading:

- Open micrometer.
- Insert sample.
- Slowly close micrometer until ratchet engages.
- Read thickness on digital display.
Proper Care of Digital Micrometers
• When finished, open slightly.
• Never store with spindle closed
• Turn instrument off and store in protective case.
HEIGHT GAU GE
 A height gauge is a measuring
device used either for
determining the height of
something, or for repetitious
marking of items to be worked on.
 It used in metalworking or
metrology to set or measure
vertical distances and also it
measures the height of an object.
 These are used to mark out lines
and widely used on surface plates
and on machine tables.
BASIC C ONSTRUCTI ON

 A height gauge has a vertical column.

 A unit is attached to this column which slides up and down.
 An arm protrudes from the gauge coming into direct contact
with the part being measured.
 Each height gauge features a solid base giving the vertical
column enough stability that it remains at a right angle to the
table’s surface.
 The moving slide is engraved with vernier calibrations
enabling setting to an accuracy of 0.02 mm
 The height of the scribe’s point can be finely adjusted with a
thumbscrew.
VERNIER HEIGHT G AUGE
D I G I TA L H E I G H T G A U G E
DIAL HEIGHT G AUGE
HEIGHT G AUGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
HEIGHT G AUGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
HEIGHT G AUGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
HEIGHT G AUGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
HEIGHT G AUGE MEASUREMENT EXAMPLE
 GAU GE BLOCKS
• Rectangular blocks - hardened and ground alloy steel.
•Measuring surfaces lapped and polished - accurate to within a
few millionths of an inch.
• Size of block stamped one surface.
 G A U G E B L O C K M AT E R I A L

 Gauge blocks are usually made either from alloy tool steels
or from cemented carbides.
 These are also available in carbon steel material.
 Steel blocks are hardened and tempered.
 The hardness is important because it slows down the gauge's rate
of wear during use.
 Blocks are kept very lightly oiled, and are stored and used in dry
climate-controlled conditions.
 Steel gauge blocks can last for decades without rusting.
Wringing Gaug e Blocks Together
 Gauge Blocks Set

Gauge Blocks Set includes following gauges.

Range(mm) Step(mm) Pieces

1.001 to 1.009 0.001 9

1.01 to 1.49 0.01 49

0.5 to 9.5 0.5 19

10 to 90 10 9

1.0005 --- 1

Total 87
 Important notes on building of Slip Gauges:

 Always start with the last decimal place.

 Then take the subsequent decimal places.

M inimum number of slip gauges should be used by

selecting the largest possible block in each step.

If in case protector slips are used, first deduct their

thickness from the required dimension then proceed as per
above order.
Example 1.

Que:- Build the dimension of 49.3825 mm

Sr. No. Gauge

1 1.0005
2 1.002
3 1.38
4 6
5 40
Total 49.3825
Example 2.

Que:- Build the dimension of 87.3215 mm

Sr. No. Gauge

1 1.0005
2 1.001
3 1.32
4 4
5 80
Total 87.3215
Example 3.

Que:- Build the dimension of 30.4875 mm

Sr. No. Gauge

1 1.0005
2 1.007
3 1.48
4 2
5 25
Total 30.4875
 ANGULAR MEASUREMENT

Angle : In order to measure an angle Ɵ, a circular arc centered

at the vertex of the angle is drawn.

Angle: Units of Measurement

Degree: denoted by a small superscript circle ( °), is 1/360 of a full circle

Minute: is 1/60 of a degree. It is denoted by a single prime ( ′ ).
S e cond: is 1/60 of a minute of arc or
1/3600 of a degree. It is denoted by a
double prime ( ″ ).
Radian: is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle that has the same length
as the circle's radius. 1Rad = 57.2958 degrees.
B E V E L PROTRAC TOR
 B E V E L PROTRACTOR

•The bevel protractor is a type of protractor that is circular and has a

pivoted arm used for measuring and marking of angles.
•The basic protractor is most commonly used in school geometry classes
for
measuring angles up to 180 degrees.
•The bevel protractor is used when measuring angles up to 360 degrees.
•Bevel protractor has a full circular scale that is made up of 360 degrees.
•A bevel protractor has also a vernier scale. One vernier is equal to 1/12 of
a degree, which provides a more accurate measurement.
•The vernier scale is divided into 24 increments, with 12 spaces on either
side of the zero
A P P L I C AT I O N S O F B E V E L P R O T E C T O R
 T RY S Q UA R E S
• Used for laying out, checking, and setting up work.
• Beam and blade form a right angle.
• Good quality squares are hardened.
Using Solid Steel Squares.
• Remove all burrs from work surface. Wipe clean.
• Wipe square clean.
• Face source of light.
• Hold work with one hand. Grasp square with other.
• Place inside of square against finished surface.
• Lower blade to surface of work.
• All light should be excluded.
C O M B I N A TIO N S Q U A R E

• Checking inside and outside squareness.

• Drawing lines parallel to edges of work piece.
• Measuring depth.
• Finding centers of round work pieces.
• Checking 450 angles.
Uses of Combination Squares.
DIAL I N D I C ATO R G A U G E

Also called a dial gauge or dial indicator.

• Has a face or dial marked in divisions of 0.01 mm (1/100 mm)

• Does not take a direct measurement - shows variations from the
original zero setting
• These variations are transferred from the spindle to the pointer.
A P P L I C AT I O N S OF DIAL G AU G E
A P P L I C AT I O N S OF DIAL G AU G E
 DIAL I N D I C ATO R

• Used to measure:
- the bend or run-out in a shaft
- the clearance between two
parts
eg. between an engine valve
and its guide.

• Must be firmly mounted. A

magnetic stand or a stand with a
screw clamp is often used.
 SETTING U P T H E D I A L I N D I C ATO R

1. Mount dial gauge firmly on its

stand
2. Mount stand securely, to
prevent damage from dropping
or excessive vibration
3. Keep spindle at right angles
(perpendicular) to the surface
being checked.
READING T H E D I A L I N D I C ATO R

1. Read the whole millimeters

from the inner scale
(only for absolute
measurements) 2. Read the tenths of
millimeters (numbers on
outer scale)

3. Read the hundredths of

millimeters (small divisions on
outer scale).
READING T H E D I A L I N D I C ATO R

Example
Step 1 Step 1 Step 3
Read the whole millimeters. The short
needle is between the 4 and the 5, so
the reading is 4.00 mm.

Step 2
Read the tenths. The long needle is
between the 0.20 and the 0.30 mm, so
the reading is 0.20 mm.

Step 3
Step 2
The long needle is 6 small divisions
past the 2, so the reading is 0.06
mm.
READING T H E D I A L I N D I C ATO R

Step 4
To get the final 4.00 mm 0.20 mm
measurement - add up
the measurements from
Steps 1, 2, & 3.

Step 1 4.00 mm
Step 2 + 0.20
mm
Step 3 0.06 mm
+ 0.06
mm
Total =
4.26 mm
 C A R E O F M E AS U R I N G I NSTRU M E NTS

1. Measuring a work piece (on a lathe) should be carried out only after the work piece
has stopped moving; otherwise, there could be wear on the measuring faces and the
accuracy of the tool may be compromised.
2. Wipe the measuring faces of a precision measuring tool and the to-be-measured
surface of the work piece to prevent the measuring accuracy from being negatively
affected by dirt or dust.
3. Never put precision measuring tools together with hand tools, such as cutting tools,
files, hammers and drills for the fear of damaging the precision measuring tools.
4. Never leave them on a lathe or other running machinery for fear of vibration causing
them to fall to the floor.
5. Precision measuring tools should not be used as substitutes for other tools. Don’t use
a caliper as a pry bar or screwdriver! Don’t use a micrometer for a hammer or C
clamp! You might be tempted but don’t do it!
6. Precision measuring tools should not be put under direct sunshine or any other heat
source because accurate measurements will not be achieved as the temperature
increases.
7. Precision measuring tools should never be put near any magnetic material such as a
magnetic worktable, to avoid being magnetized.
8. Tools should be cleaned after use.