DcomComm Intro
DcomComm Intro
Communication
Prof.Sukanya Kulkarni
Syllabus
Information Theory
Basebnd transmission
Bandpass modulation
Reception
Error correction codes
Course Outcomes
Ability to describe various entities of digital
communication system
Solve problems to interpret various concepts
Analyze mathematically various source coding
methods/modulation/demodulation /error correction
codes
Compare various modulation/demodulation /ECC
Determine the behavior of signals in time and
frequency domain at various stages of digital
communication systems
Justify modulation/demodulation/Bit rate/ Bandwidth
requirements in various applications
Books
Text Books:
Digital communications by Simon Haykins
Principles of Communciation systems by Taub &
Schilling
Reference books:
1. Digital Communication, IV edition by J. Proakis
What is communication?
Some information is available at a place
and the way of transferring this information to
a distant place is called communication.
Various types of Comm. systems
What is the
common
requiremen
t of these
systems to
function
properly?
The available information must be
transformed in a form which is
compatible with characteristics of the
communication system
Information Information
Electrical signal
Transmitter Receiver
channel
• Less prone to
interference
than TP (due to
(shield)
• More expensive
• used mostly than TP (quickly
for CATV disappearing)
Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 3 - 12
Fiber Optic Cable
Light created by an LED (light-emitting diode) or laser is
sent down a thin glass or plastic fiber
Has extremely high capacity, ideal for broadband
Works better under harsh environments
Not fragile, nor brittle; Nit heavy nor bulky
More resistant to corrosion, fire, etc.,
Fiber optic cable structure (from center):
Core (v. small, 5-50 microns, ~ the size of a single hair)
Cladding, which reflects the signal
Protective outer jacket
in a geosynchronous orbit
A special form of
microwave
communications
Noise
White noise
S/N ratio must
be maintained
Impulse noise
Multipath fading
Dispersion
Bandwidth
- stored energy in inductances and
capacitances can not be changed
instantaneously.
Increasing Decreasing
Error Forward
BW BW
Detection Error
(M-ary (Binary to
and Correction
to binary) M-ary)
ARQ
Block diagram of a DCS
Digital modulation
Channel
Digital demodulation
Internet
M
300Hz to 3.4kHz
In one wire:
Phone call data + Internet data = ?
NOISE
DSL
Originally designed to carry “Data”.
25kHz to 1.1MHz.
In one wire:
Phone call data + Internet data = ?
BUT IN DIFFERENT
FREQUENCIES
Bandwidth division in ADSL
The Splitter
The Splitter
One input and two outs device:
Phone output get.
DSL output get.
50
Chapter Outlines
52
Introduction
Two families of pulse modulation: analog
pulse modulation and digital pulse
modulation
Analog pulse modulation: PAM, PDM,
PPM. The information is in a continuous
manner.
Digital pulse modulation: The information is
in a form that is discrete in both time and
amplitude
53
Sampling Process
Figure 3.1
The sampling process. (a) Analog signal. (b)
Instantaneously sampled version of the
analog signal.
54
Sampling Process
g(t): an arbitrary signal of finite energy
G(f): Fourier transform of g(t)
Ts: sampling interval
fs=1/Ts: sampling rate
55
Sampling Process
56
Sampling Process
Figure 3.2
(a) Spectrum of a strictly band-limited signal g(t).
(b) Spectrum of the sampled version of g(t) for a
sampling period Ts = 1/2 W.
57
Sampling Process
58
Sampling Process
Sampling theorem for strictly band-limited signals of
finite energy in two equivalent parts:
1. A band-limited signal of finite energy, which has no
frequency components higher than W Hertz, is
completely described by specifying the values of the
signal at instants of time separated by 1/2W seconds
2. A band-limited signal of finite energy, which has no
frequency components higher than W Hertz, may be
completely recovered from a knowledge of its
samples taken at the rate of 2W samples per second
59
Sampling Process
The sampling rate of 2W samples per
second, for a signal bandwidth of W Hertz,
is called the Nyquist rate; its reciprocal
1/2W (measured in seconds) is called
Nyquist interval
An information bearing signal is not strictly
band limited, with the result that some
degree of undersampling is encountered
60
Sampling Process
Figure 3.3
(a) Spectrum of a signal. (b) Spectrum of an
undersampled version of the signal exhibiting the
61
aliasing phenomenon.
Sampling Process
64
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
In pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), the
amplitudes of regularly spaced pulses are
varied in proportional to the corresponding
sample values of a continuous message
signal
Figure 3.5
Flat-top samples, representing an analog signal.65
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
66
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
This output is equivalent to passing the
original message signal m(t) through
another low-pass filter of frequency
response H(f)
H(f)=Tsinc(fT)exp(-jπfT)
Using flat-top samples to generate a PAM
signal, we have introduced amplitude
distortion as well as a delay of T/2
The distortion caused by the use of pulse-
amplitude modulation to transmit an analog
information-bearing signal is referred to as
the aperture effect
67
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
Figure 3.6
(a) Rectangular pulse h(t). (b) Spectrum H(f),
made up of the magnitude |H(f)|, and phase 68
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
Ideally, the magnitude response of the
equalizer is
Figure 3.7
System for recovering message signal m(t) from
PAM signal s(t).
69
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
The amount of equalization needed in
practice is usually small. For a duty cycle
T/Ts≦0.1, the amplitude distortion is less
than 0.5 percent, in which case the need
for equalization may be omitted altogether
70
Other Forms of Pulse
Modulation
Figure 3.8
Illustrating two
different forms of
pulse-time
modulation for the
case of a
sinusoidal
modulating wave.
(a) Modulating
wave. (b) Pulse
carrier.
(c) PDM wave.
(d) PPM wave. 71
Bandwidth-Noise Trade-Off
PPM and FM system exhibit a similar noise
performance
Both systems have a figure of merit
proportional to the square of the
transmission bandwidth normalized with
respect to the message bandwidth
Both system exhibit a threshold effect as
the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced
Two fundamental processes are involved in
the generation of a binary PCM wave:
sampling and quantization
72
Channels for Digital
Communication
Channel Characteristics:
• Bandwidth
• Power
• Linear or Non-linear
• External interference
Types of Channels
1. Telephone Channels
2. Coaxial Cables
3. Optical fibers
4. Microwave radio
5. Satellite Channel
1. Telephone Channels
• Larger Bandwidth.
• Immune to cross talk and EMI.
• More secure.
• Low cost.
• Date rate = Terra bits/sec.
4. Microwave radio