Strands of Liberalism and Key

Thinkers Work Book

Some of the PEARSON page numbers are

different from the link I sent you. Use the
contents page to find the pages. Standard
textbook is the same as is Heywood.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnoFj2cMRLY
Discuss & share your thoughts on these quotations:
’Freedom of men under
‘The only purpose for which ‘Where government is to have a
‘The state is
power can be rightfully there is no standing rule to live by, common
a necessary
exercised over any member of a law, there is to every one of that society, and
evil.’
civilised community against his no made by the legislative power
Thomas
will is to protect others.’ John freedom.’ vested in it; a liberty to follow
Paine
Stuart Mill John Locke my own will in all things, when
‘Every individual… neither intends to promote the public
interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it… he intends the rule prescribes not, and not
only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a to be subject to the inconstant,
manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends unknown, arbitrary will of
only his own gain… It is not from the benevolence of the another man.’
‘When the John
people Locke
fear the
butcher, the brewer or the baker that we expect our dinner, but government there is tyranny,
from their regard to their own interests.’ Adam Smith when the government fears the
‘A woman is handicapped by her
‘We hold these truths to be people there is liberty.’
sex, and handicaps society,
self-evident, that all men are Thomas Jefferson
either by slavishly copying the
created equal, that they are ‘A woman needs a man like a
pattern of man’s advance in the
endowed by their Creator fish needs a bicycle.’ Mary
professions, or by refusing to
with certain unalienable Wollstonecraft
compete with man at all.’ Betty
Rights, that among these
Friedan
‘The government is best which ‘The greatest happiness for the
are Life, Liberty and the
pursuit of Happiness.’ governs least.’ Thomas greatest number.’ Jeremy
Thomas Jefferson Jefferson Bentham
 Betty
Mary John Stuart John Rawls Friedan
John Locke Wollstonec Mill The most A liberal
Seen as the raft The link between important 20th feminist.
father of
Developed classical and century modern Said that illiberal
liberalism, and is
classical modern liberal thinker. attitudes in
referred to as a
classical liberal. liberalism and is liberalism. Said equality society
strongly linked requires the prevented
Believed in a Believed actions
to feminism (can state to women from
positive ‘state of should always be
be seen as a redistribute having the
nature’ and a tolerated unless
first-wave wealth, and that freedom to
‘social contract’ they would harm
feminist). people would realise their
that the state others. Feared
choose a larger potential.
had to obey Said that that liberal
state that could Argued that a
through limited equality for all democracy could
create a fairer liberal state
government. needed to lead to ‘tyranny
 into your book
and complete it
to summarise
the key ideas
of liberalism.
Then highlight
areas of
consensus and
areas of
disagreement.
The most
important thing
you need to be
able to do is to
explain where
liberals do and
don’t agree
with one
 Aim of the
Explanation How far do we have this?
liberal state

Rejection of
the
‘traditional’
state

Governmen
t by consent

Promotion
of natural
rights

Promotion
of tolerance

Meritocracy

Equality of
opportunity

Justice
What do liberals think about human Why do classical liberals believe in
nature? meritocracy?
Humans are rational beings who pursue their own They believe all are born equal and some will be
self-interest. more successful based on their talents, skill or hard work.
How does individual liberty (freedom) How do modern liberals think the state
connect to this? should get involved in society?
Governments should not prevent people from Society does not give everyone an equal chance, so
the state needs to act to allow everyone to flourish.
doing as they choose, unless those actions cause
others harm or take away their freedom. What is the difference between positive &
What do liberals believe about tolerance? negative freedom?
Negative: no restraint unless harm to others.
Private beliefs and lifestyles do not harm anyone Positive: some state intervention to allow all to be fulfilled.
and so should not be interfered with.

What is the idea of the social contract? What type of economy do classical liberals
People agree to give up some freedoms to a believe in?
state in return for security that allows all to flourish. Free-market capitalism, with limited state intervention.
Modern liberals believe in more intervention.
Why and how do liberals say that limited How do liberals seek to provide equality of
government should be achieved? opportunity?
To prevent the state abusing its power. Checks & Mostly through education, so that everyone has an
balances, constitutionalism, separation of powers, equal chance to succeed.
entrenched rights, decentralisation of power. Why do liberals not seek to achieve social
What is liberal democracy? equality?
Regular free elections, limitations on the power They believe that as not everyone has equal ability or
of the state, and respect for civil liberties & different works equally hard, they should not all achieve the same
outcome, as this would be a disincentive to work.
views.
 Match up the key terms to the definitions.

Another term for capitalism, an individualistic economic system where people pursue
Egotistical individualism wealth.

Actions and views should be tolerated as long as they do not harm the freedom of
Economic liberalism others.

Giving people the same opportunities to succeed, being aware that not everyone will
State of nature do so equally.

A theoretical agreement that people gave up some freedoms in exchange for rights
Social contract and security.

People pursue the advancement of their own (selfish) interests and their own
Harm principle happiness.

Foundational equality Government having constraints on its actions, e.g. through a formal constitution.

Equality of opportunity What life might have been like before laws and governments existed.

Limited government The idea that everyone is born equal, with equal natural rights.
 The major divide in liberalism is between the classical and modern
liberals.

Classicals
Early Classical
Liberalism
Later Classical
Liberalism
(LOCKE,
WOLLSTONECRAFT,
MILLS)

Moderns
Modern Liberalism
Social Liberalism
Neoliberalism
(RAWLS, FRIEDAN)
 Strands of Liberalism
• Early Classical Liberalism
• Later Classical Liberalism
• Modern Liberalism
• Social Liberalism
• Neoliberalism
 Strands of Liberalism
Early Classical Liberalism
Key beliefs, history and ideas:

How does it agree/disagree with other strands? Linked thinker(s) and quotes
 Key Thinker Case
Study: John Locke
It is now time for your first
case study of a key thinker. Which type of
liberal is he?
Read through page 12 and
use these key questions to
complete your research to
explain the ideas of John What did How did he
Locke, widely regarded as Locke say challenge the
the ‘father’ of liberalism. the state rule of
needed to be monarchy?
Then summarise his views on like?
each of liberalism’s core
themes. What was a ‘state of What was
STATE
HUMAN
NATURE
SOCIETY ECONOMY
law’ and what did Locke’s
Locke say it needed version of
to do? Include ‘social Thomas
contract theory’. Hobbes’s
 Watch www.youtube.com/watch?v=bZiWZJgJT7I and answer

LOCKE 1.
the following questions:
What three points did Locke make about religious freedom in his ‘Letter
Concerning Toleration’?

RESEARCH
2. How did religion explain the right of rulers to rule, and how did Thomas
Hobbes explain it?
3. In his ‘Two Treatises of Government’, how did Locke both agree and
disagree with Hobbes?
4. Why did Locke say that people had agreed to give up some of their
freedoms to a government?
5. What did Locke say the people could do if a ruler abused their power?
6. How did Locke’s work influence the creation of the United States?
7. What was Locke’s idea of ‘Tabula Rasa’ and why did it stress the
importance of education?
Then read
www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/john-locke-1632-1704
and answer the following questions:
8. Why did Locke believe that people being rational is why they give their
consent to being governed by a state? (paragraph 1)
9. How does the social contract work? (paragraph 3)
10. How do Locke’s ideas of consent explain how most liberal
(representative) democracies work? (paragraphs 2 & 4)
11. Why did Locke believe that we need a state? (paragraph 6)
Then read page 117 of the Pearson textbook (Edexcel AS
& A Level Politics) and answer the following questions:
12. Why did Locke argue for limited government, where rulers must be
subject to law?
13. What is Locke’s idea of the ‘social contract’?
KEY THINKERS Linked strands
John Locke
Ideas and beliefs Key quotations/publications

Ideas on Human Nature

Ideas on Society

Agree/Disagree with other thinkers or strands Ideas on Economy

Ideas on the State

 Key Thinker Case
Study: Mary Wollstonecraft
It is now time for your second
case study of a liberal key Why did she argue that
thinker. 18th century England was
not giving all its citizens
Read through page 24 and equality?
complete the table in order
Why did she
to explain the ideas of Mary say that 18th
Wollstonecraft, who How did she
century
say women
developed classical liberal could
England
‘violated’ the
ideas further. progress?
idea of
Summarise her views on government
by consent?
three of liberalism’s core
Why did How did
HUMANthemes.
SOCIETY STATE
NATURE Wollstonecraft defend Wollstonecraft
the French Revolution argue that the
of 1789 against above was holding
conservative Burke? England back?
 Watch www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6nyX1c5jjw and answer

WOLLSTONEC 1.
the following questions:
What did Wollstonecraft say in her 1792 work A Vindication of the Rights
of Woman?

RAFT 2. Why is Wollstonecraft’s daughter famous?

Watch www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6nyX1c5jjw and answer

RESEARCH 3.
the following questions:
How did Wollstonecraft respond to the French Revolution’s Declaration
of the Rights of Man?
Then read
https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/mary-wollstonecraft-
1759-97
and answer the following questions:
4. What did Wollstonecraft argue in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman?
(paragraph 2)
5. Why did Wollstonecraft pursue formal equality for women? (paragraph
3)
Then read page 118 of the Pearson textbook (Edexcel AS & A
Level Politics) and answer the following questions:
6. In what historical context did Wollstonecraft live, that made her ideas
revolutionary?
7. What did she insist that marriage must be?
8. What were the limits to Wollstonecraft’s ambitions for women?
Then read
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft#Major_wor
ks
and answer the following questions:
9. Why did Wollstonecraft attack Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the
Revolution in France?
KEY THINKERS Linked strands

Mary Wollstonecraft
Ideas and beliefs Key quotations/publications

Ideas on Human Nature

Ideas on Society

Agree/Disagree with other thinkers or strands Ideas on Economy

Ideas on the State

 Strands of Liberalism
• Early Classical Liberalism
• Later Classical Liberalism
• Modern Liberalism
• Social Liberalism
• Neoliberalism
 Strands of Liberalism
Later Classical Liberalism
Key beliefs, history and ideas:

How does it agree/disagree with other strands? Linked thinker(s) and quotes
 The textbook, on pages 26-28, picks out four ‘late classical’ liberals to
explain how liberalism changed in response to the growth of democracy by
the 1800s.
Summarise what each of them believed, paying particular attention to John
Stuart Mill.
JOHN
STUART
MILL

Jeremy Samuel Herbert John Stuart

Bentham Smiles Spencer Mill
The textbook, on pages 26-28, picks out four ‘late classical’ liberals to explain how liberalism changed in response to the growth of democracy by the 1800s.

Summarise what each of them believed, paying particular attention to John Stuart Mill.

Jeremy Samuel Herbert John Stuart

Bentham Smiles Spencer Mill
 Key Thinker Case
Study:
It is now time for your third
John Stuart Mill
case study of a liberal key What is the concept of
thinker. ‘negative freedom’ and
how does it connect to the
Read through page 29 and ‘harm principle’?
complete the table to explain
the ideas of John Stuart Mill, Why was Mill
What is the
who represents the difference
concerned
between
‘transition’ between classical that
‘self-
democracy
and modern liberalism. could lead to
regarding’
and ‘other
a ‘tyranny of
Then summarise his views on the
regarding’
three of liberalism’s core actions?
majority’?
What is Mill’s How did Mill
themes. disagree with
HUMAN SOCIETY STATE
concept of
NATURE
developmental other classical
individualism? liberals about
human nature?
 Watch www.youtube.com/watch?v=UR-j7xSVxM0 and

MILLS
answer the following questions:
1. What was the central theme of Mill’s book On Liberty?
2. What are the ‘two maxims of liberalism’?

RESEARCH
3. What is utilitarianism?
4. Why does Mill say that ‘the greatest good for the greatest number’
can be achieved through liberty?
5. What does Mill say in his book The Subjection of Women?
Then read https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/john-
stuart-mill-1806-73 and answer the following questions:
6. What is the ‘harm principle’?
7. What is the ‘despotism of custom’?
8. Why do we need to avoid it?
9. How does Mill disagree with Bentham about utilitarianism
(pursuing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of
people)?
Then read page 119 of the Pearson textbook (Edexcel AS
& A Level Politics) and answer the following questions:
10. Following on from the previous question, what did Mill see as
being of more value than the pursuit of simple pleasure?
11. How did Mill’s famous ‘harm principle’ mean the role of
government should be limited?
12. How did Mill later expand his view of the role of government?
13. Why can Mill be considered a first-wave feminist?
KEY THINKERS Linked strands

John Stuart Mill

Ideas and beliefs Key quotations/publications

Ideas on Human Nature

Ideas on Society

Agree/Disagree with other thinkers or strands Ideas on Economy

Ideas on the State

 Classical liberals like John Locke and Mary Wollstonecraft
have an optimistic view of human nature, and believe that
people should be given maximum individual freedom. The
idea of negative liberty is that freedom is the absence of
restraint. This means that the state should be limited and
govern as little as possible. This viewpoint leads to support
for capitalist economies. Later classical liberals like John
Stuart Mill, whose ‘harm principle’ suggested that the
state should only limit actions which harm the freedom of
others. Mill argued that direct democracy could lead to
‘tyranny of the majority’ and argued for representative
democracy in order to represent everyone fairly.
 Strands of Liberalism
• Early Classical Liberalism
• Later Classical Liberalism
• Modern Liberalism (THIS IS WHERE IDEAS REALLY SHIFT WITH THE
ADVENT OF A MORE DEMOCRATIC STYLE OF GOVERNMENT)
• Social Liberalism
• Neoliberalism
 Strands of Liberalism
Modern Liberalism
Key beliefs, history and ideas:

How does it agree/disagree with other strands? Linked thinker(s) and quotes
 Key Thinker Case
Study: John Rawls
It is now time for your fourth How did Rawls
case study of a liberal key change the liberal
idea of ‘foundational
thinker. equality’?
Read through page 33 and
complete the table in order Why was
to explain the ideas of John Rawls’s idea Why did this
not socialist mean a
Rawls, a modern liberal. bigger role
as it
for an
Then summarise his views on maintained
‘enabling’
inequality of
four of liberalism’s core outcome? state?
themes.
What did Rawls What was the
STATE
HUMAN
NATURE
SOCIETY ECONOMY
say would be the thought
outcome of this experiment known
thought as ‘the veil of
experiment? ignorance’?
 Watch www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-JQ17X6VNg and answer

John Rawls
the following questions:
1. How did Rawls’s childhood shape his political beliefs?
2. Why is the world unfair?

RESEARCH
3. Why did Rawls think that the concept of the ‘American Dream’ kept
people from doing more about this unfairness?
4. What did Rawls think stops societies from becoming fairer?
5. What was ‘one of the greatest thought experiments in the history of
political thought’ – the ‘veil of ignorance’?
6. What four things did Rawls say we would all want in a society?
7. What does Rawls’s thought experiment allow us to do?
8. When will we finally be able to say that our societies are fair?
Then read
https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/john-rawls-1921-2
002
and answer the following questions:
9. What is ‘justice as fairness’?
10. Why is Rawls’s philosophy unusual?
11. Why has the ‘veil of ignorance’ been criticised?
Then read page 120 of the Pearson textbook (Edexcel AS &
A Level Politics) and answer the following questions:
12. Why did Rawls reject utilitarianism, which liberals such as Mill had
favoured?
13. Why did Rawls say that people would have to have a low-risk
strategy when creating a society from behind the veil of ignorance?
14. Why did Rawls accept a society where there was inequality?
KEY THINKERS Linked strands

John Rawls
Ideas and beliefs Key quotations/publications

Ideas on Human Nature

Ideas on Society

Agree/Disagree with other thinkers or strands Ideas on Economy

Ideas on the State

 Strands of Liberalism
• Early Classical Liberalism
• Later Classical Liberalism
• Modern Liberalism
• Social Liberalism
• Neoliberalism
 Strands of Liberalism

Social Liberalism

How does it agree with others How does it disagree with others
 Key Thinker Case
It is nowStudy:
time for your final
Betty Friedan
case study of a liberal key
Wby did Friedan argue
thinker. that women were not
Read through page 36 and truly free to realise
their potential?
complete the table in order
to explain the ideas of Betty
Friedan, who championed What was it
How did that Friedan
legal action and positive said
Friedan
discrimination to protect and reject radical condemned
secure equal rights. feminism? most women
to
Then summarise her views underachieve
-ment?
on three of liberalism’s core How did Friedan What is ‘cultural
HUMAN
NATURE
themes.
SOCIETY STATE
think that change conditioning’?
should be
pursued?
 Watch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbetS9Lk-I8 and
answer the following questions:

Betty Friedan 1.
2.
What did Friedan write in The Feminine Mystique?
What ‘nameless, aching dissatisfaction’ did Friedan say many
women felt?

RESEARCH 3. Why did Friedan write that ‘something is very wrong with the way
American women are trying to live their lives today’? This should
explain what ‘the feminine mystique’ means.
4. What did Friedan believe that women needed to find?
5. In which areas did Friedan demand equality for women?
6. Which organisation did Friedan establish?
7. What was NOW’s statement of purpose?
8. What did women campaign for as a result of this?
9. Why did Friedan not agree with more radical feminists?
Then read
https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/reference/betty-friedan-
1921-2006 and answer the following questions:
10. To which ‘wave’ of feminism does Friedan belong?
11. What did Friedan’s research and interviews with American women
find out? What was ‘the problem with no name’?
12. Why did Friedan say that advertising was responsible for creating
‘the feminine mystique’?
Then read page 121 of the Pearson textbook (Edexcel AS
& A Level Politics) and answer the following questions:
13. What was the aim of NOW?
14. How is her work a continuation of Wollstonecraft’s?
KEY THINKERS Linked strands

Betty Friedan
Ideas and beliefs Key quotations/publications

Ideas on Human Nature

Ideas on Society

Agree/Disagree with other thinkers or strands Ideas on Economy

Ideas on the State

 Strands of Liberalism
• Early Classical Liberalism
• Later Classical Liberalism
• Modern Liberalism
• Social Liberalism
• Neoliberalism
 Strands of Liberalism

Neo-liberalism

How does it agree with others How does it disagree with others
 Can you summarise the tensions in liberalism within each key idea? (pg
39)

Liberalism… - Human Nature

- Society
- The State
- Economy

Use pages 40-42 to answer these questions, concluding

our work on liberalism. In the following lessons we will revise
the key thinkers, complete a knowledge test and then get
some valuable essay practice.

1. Why did liberals have reason to be optimistic from about

1990 to 2010?
2. How did each of the two major UK parties further
embrace liberalism?
3. What happened after 2000 to give liberals a reason to be
concerned?
 To what extent do modern and classical
liberals agree over the role of the state?
• Below I have copied part of your
exam technique sheet. Your
paragraphs do not need to be as long
as for your 45-minute essays.
• Write a plan to answer this question.
• What would your paragraphs be on?
Where will you fit in your key
thinkers?
 To what extent do modern and classical
liberals agree over the role of the state?

Use the marking grid and mark scheme to give levels & marks to these
example answers.
 Response 1 Response 2
This is a focused answer. It relates to the Very impressive. Makes the topic
key thinkers from the specification, but contemporary and gives us material not
also brings in other key thinkers which present in Response 1. Clear and correct
are appropriate. It defines key concepts in examples. However, it makes no
each strand of liberalism, explaining the reference to any thinkers. It notes their
links and making the relevant ideas implicitly but needs to make explicit
connections. This satisfies all the criteria mention. Was worth Level 4 but is limited
 COMPARE IDEAS PG 38
Human nature Society The state The economy

Locke

Wollstonecr
aft

Mill

Rawls

Friedan
 John
Said formal education needs to be available to help women realise their potential.
Locke
Created the ‘veil of ignorance’ thought experiment.
Mary ‘Negative freedom’ & the ‘harm principle’: freedom unless harming others’ freedom.
Wollstone
Said governments rule with the consent of the people, who can withdraw it.
craft
John Said ‘the feminine mystique’ limited women & caused unhappiness.
Stuart Worried democracy could lead to ‘tyranny of the majority’.
Mill
Said women needed equal rights in employment, education & politics.
John
Rawls Came up with ‘social contract theory’.

Said the state needed to intervene to create greater equality.

Betty Said women were being denied freedom and equality.
Friedan
 Keythinkerswithinliberalism
Colour -code the below boxes to show that you remember which ideas come from
each of the five key thinkers.
JohnLocke Mary JohnStuart Mill JohnRawls
(1632 -1704) Wollstonecraft (1806 -1873) (1921 -2002)
(1759 -1797)
An American liberal An English
feminist who philosopher who Usually seen as the A classical liberal An
founded the largest provides the bridge ‘father of liberalism’ who further ph
and is th e central
women’s rights between classical figure in classical developed the ideas m
organisation in the and modern liberalism. of John Locke. m
world. liberalism.
Believed that the Believed that more Believed that the
‘state of nature’ was state intervention view that human Their idea of Sa
a positive place but was needed as beings were ration al ‘negative freedom’ co
that people w illingly people could not be needed to also apply w
gave up some equal until there was to women, who was that freedom w
freedom to the state also greater social were being denied mainly involved a ra
lack of restraint.
in return for and economic freedom and to
security. equality. equality.
Their ‘harm Said that although
principle’ stated that Argued that ‘the the state should do Their core idea, Sa
the state should not feminine mystique’ more to improve the about the w
had been created by relationship
interfere with an advertising and that lives of the poorest, between the state a
individual’s actions it led to a d eep inequality of and citizens, was pe
unless they would unhappiness in many outcome was still known as ‘social th
harm another women. desirable to allow for contract theory’. in
person’s freedom. self -fulfilment.
Argued that as Created a thought
Said that formal Feared that experiment which
individuals are of education needed to ‘government by suggested that if Sa
equal worth and be available to as consent’ in a people created a go
therefore are many women and democracy could society from behind on
entitled to equal co
rights, women need men as possible, to result in a ‘tyranny a ‘veil of ignorance’, pe
a level playing field develop their of the majority’ in they would make pe
rationalism and help which minority many changes to
in employment, them to achieve interests become current soc iety out to
education and their potential. overwhelmed. of fear of ending up co
politics.
disadvantaged.
Their most famous Their most famous
Their most famous work was called A work was called Two Their most famous Th
work was called The Vindication of the Treatises of work was called A w
Feminine Mystique. Theory of Justice . Li
Rights of Woman . Government .
‘The end of law is not
‘The only purpose f or to abolish or
which power can be restrain, but to ‘The divine right of ‘It
rightfully exercised preserve and enlarge ‘The feminine husbands, like the bu
mystique has divine right of king,
over any member of freedom. For in all succeeded in burying may, it is hoped, in so
a civilised the states of created millions of American this enlightened age, le
community, against beings, capable of ot
his will, is to prevent laws, where there is women alive.’ be contested without pr
danger.’
harm to others.’ no law there is no
freedom.’
 John
Said formal education needs to be available to help women realise their potential.
Locke
Created the ‘veil of ignorance’ thought experiment.
Mary ‘Negative freedom’ & the ‘harm principle’: freedom unless harming others’ freedom.
Wollstone
Said governments rule with the consent of the people, who can withdraw it.
craft
John Said ‘the feminine mystique’ limited women & caused unhappiness.
Stuart Worried democracy could lead to ‘tyranny of the majority’.
Mill
Said women needed equal rights in employment, education & politics.
John
Rawls Came up with ‘social contract theory’.

Said the state needed to intervene to create greater equality.

Betty Said women were being denied freedom and equality.
Friedan
 Keythinkerswithinliberalism
Colour -code the below boxes to show that you remember which ideas come from
each of the five key thinkers.
JohnLocke Mary JohnStuart Mill JohnRawls
(1632 -1704) Wollstonecraft (1806 -1873) (1921 -2002)
(1759 -1797)
An American liberal An English Usually seen as the
feminist who philosopher who ‘father of liberalism’ A classical liberal An
founded the largest provides the bridge and is the central who further ph
women’s rights between classical figure in classical developed the ideas m
organisation in the and modern liberalism. of John Locke. m
world. liberalism.
Believed that the Believed that more Believed that the
‘state of nature’ was state intervention view that human Their idea of Sa
a positive place but was needed as beings w ere rational ‘negative freedom’ co
tha t people willingly people could not be needed to also apply was that freedom wo
gave up some equal until there was to women, who mainly involved a wi
freedomto the state also greater social were being denied lack of restraint. ra
in return for and economic freedomand to
security. equality. equality.
Their ‘harm Argued that ‘the Said that although Their core idea,
principle’ stated that feminine mystique’ the state should do about the Sa
the state should not had been created by more to improve the relationship wa
interfere with an advertising and that lives of the poorest, between the state as
individual’s actions it led to a deep inequality of and citizens, was pe
unless they would unhappiness in many outcome was still known as ‘social th
harm another women. desirable to allow for contract theory’. in
person’s freedom. self -fulfilment.
Argued that as Created a thought
individuals are of Said that formal Feared that experiment which Sa
equal worth and education needed to ‘government by suggested that if go
therefore are be available to as cons ent’ in a people created a on
entitled to equal many women and democracy could society from behind co
rights, women need men as possible, to result in a ‘tyranny a ‘veil of ignorance’, pe
a level playing field develop their of the majority’ in they would make pe
in employment, rationalism and help which minority many changes to to
education and them to achieve interests become current society out co
politics. their potential. overwhelmed. of fear of ending up
disadvantaged.
Their most famous Their most famous Their most famous Their most famous Th
work was called The work was called A work was called Two work was called A wo
Feminine Mystique. Vindication of the Treatises of Theory of Justice . Lib
Rights of Woman . Government .
‘The end of law is not
‘The only purpose for to abolish or ‘The divine right of
which power can be restrain, but to ‘The feminine husbands, like the ‘It
rightfully exercised preserve and enlarge mystique has divine right of king, bu
over any member of freedom. For in all succeeded in burying may, it is hoped, in so
a civilised the states of created millions of American this enlightened age, les
community, against beings, capable of women alive.’ be contested witho ut ot
his will, is to prevent laws, where there is danger.’ pr
harmto others.’ no law there is no
freedom.’