structural organization

Levels of Organization
Organization is the most important
characteristic of body structure
The body as a whole is a unit constructed of
the following smaller units:
Atoms & molecules-chemical level
Cells- the smallest structural units;
organizations of various chemicals
Tissues-organizations of similar cells
Organs-organizations of different kinds of
tissues
Systems- organizations of many different kinds
of organs

2
 organelle
DNA cell
carbon molecule
atom

tissue

organism

organ organ
system 3
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Composed of:

4
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Types of tissues:
Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle tissue

Nervous tissue

5
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Epithelial Tissue protects the body by covering
internal and external surfaces, and produces
secretions
Skin
 covers the outside of the body
 lines the inside of the body

Membrane (Serous)
 two thin layers of tissue that join together
 cells may secrete a fluid
 Example; Pleural & Pericardial
 Outer part is called parietal membrane
 Peritoneal lines the abdominal cavity
6
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Epithelial tissues

Squamous Cuboidal
Columnar

7
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Connective tissue supports and connects organs
and tissue
 Adipose type of connective tissue that stores fat cells

 Cartilage firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of

the adult skeleton

 Tendons white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle

to bone

 Ligaments strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold

bones firmly together at the joints

8
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Connective tissue
Adipose Fibrocartilage Elastic

cartilage

9
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Muscle tissue contracts and moves a
body part
 Cardiac
 striated, involuntary
 contracts the heart
 Skeletal
 striated, voluntary
 attached to the skeleton
 Smooth
 nonstriated, involuntary

 provides movement in various body systems

10
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Muscle tissue

Cardiac Skeletal
Smooth

11
Organization of the human body:
Tissues
Nervous
tissue reacts
to stimulation
and conducts an
impulse

12
Interdependence means that systems must work together to support
human life.

• The cardiovascular system works with the

respiratory and digestive systems to
supply oxygen and nutrients from outside
sources to the cells in the body.

• The nervous system works together with

the sensory system to recognize changes
and respond to them.

• The muscular and skeletal systems work

together to produce movement.

• The endocrine system supplies hormones

that direct activities in many other body
systems, including the urinary and
reproductive systems.
Organ Systems

14
Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system of
the body, it responds to internal and
external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands.

15
 Endocrine System
Glands secrete
hormones that
regulate
processes such
as growth,
reproduction,
and nutrient use
(metabolism) by
body
cells.

16
Sensory System

The Skin The Tongue

Skeletal
System
Protects and supports
body organs, and
provides a framework

the muscles use to

cause movement. Blood
cells are formed within
bones. Bones store
minerals.
18
 Muscular
System
Allows
manipulation of
the environment,
locomotion, and
facial expression.
Maintains
posture, and
produces heat.
19
Cardiovascular
(Circulatory) System
Contains heart and blood
vessels
Blood vessels transport
blood, which carries
oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients, wastes, etc.
 The heart pumps blood.
One of most complexed
systems in body.

20
 Lymphatic
System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked
from blood vessels and
returns it to blood.
Disposes of debris in the
lymphatic stream. Houses
white
blood cells
(lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune
response mounts the
attack against foreign
substances
within the body.

21
Respiratory System
Keeps blood
constantly supplied
with oxygen and
removes carbon
dioxide. The gaseous
exchanges occur
through the walls of
the air sacs of the
lungs. 22
Digestive System
Breaks down food into
absorbable units that enter the
blood for
distribution to body cells.
Indigestible foodstuffs are
eliminated as feces.

23
Urinary System

Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte
and acid-base balance of the
blood.

24
 Reproductive System

Male Female
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce
sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in
delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries
produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female
structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the
fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to
25
nourish the newborn.
Integumentary
System
Includes your hair, nails, and skin
Largest organ system in your body
 Your body’s first line of defense
SKIN-
 Forms the external body
covering, and protects deeper
tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and
houses cutaneous Nerves to help
you feel (pain, pressure, etc.)
Regulates your body temperature
with the help of sweat glands
Melanin – absorbs ultraviolet
radiation from the sun
Epidermis – top layer of skin,
most cells are
dead, about as thin as 2
sheets of notebook paper
Dermis – under epidermis, allows 26