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LEC 7 Atomic Structure

a PowerPoint presentation about atomic structure

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13 views

LEC 7 Atomic Structure

a PowerPoint presentation about atomic structure

Uploaded by

jiyakhan4276
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

Everyday Science
Lecture no. 7
Chemistry: Structure of Atom
Chemistry is the scientific study of the • The universe is made of matter
composition, • The matter is anything that has weight and
properties, and changes that occur in matter. occupies spaces
• It has four states
Structure of an
Atom
• . The history of atomic structure dates back to the
times of Democritus, who first proposed that matter
is composed of atoms. The study of the structure of
an atom gives a great insight into the entire class of
chemical reactions, bonds, and their physical
properties.
Histo • The first scientific theory of atomic structure was
ry proposed by John Dalton in the 1800s. The advances
in atomic structure and quantum mechanics have led
to the discovery of other fundamental particles.
The discovery of subatomic particles has been the
basis for many other discoveries and inventions
Structure of an
Atom
• An atom is the smallest unit of an element which may or may not have independent
existence.
• The atomic structure of an element refers to the constitution of its nucleus and the
arrangement of the electrons around it, in shells. The nucleus contains most of the atom's
mass and comprises protons and neutrons (except for common hydrogen which has only
one proton).
• Neutral atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. However, atoms may gain or
lose electrons to increase their stability, and the resulting charged entity is called an ion.
• Atoms of different elements have different atomic structures because they contain
different numbers of protons and electrons. This is the reason for the unique
characteristics of different elements.
Atomic Models

• In the 18th and 19th centuries, many scientists attempted to explain the structure
of the atom with the help of atomic models. Each of these models had its own
merits and demerits and was pivotal to the development of the modern atomic
model. The most notable contributions to the field were by scientists such as
John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr.
• The English chemist John Dalton suggested that all matter is made up of atoms,
which were indivisible and indestructible. He also stated that all the atoms of an
element were the same, but the atoms of different elements differ in size and mass.
• Chemical reactions, according to Dalton’s atomic theory, involve a
rearrangement of atoms to form products. According to the postulates proposed
by Dalton, the atomic structure comprises atoms, the smallest particles
responsible for the chemical reactions to occur.
Thomson Atomic
Model
The discovery of particles inside atoms led to a better understanding
of chemical species; these particles inside the atoms are called
subatomic particles. The discovery of various subatomic particles is
as follows:

In the early 1900s, the English chemist Sir Joseph John Thomson
proposed a model describing atomic structure. He was later awarded the
Nobel Prize for his discovery of electrons. His model was based on
the results of the cathode ray experiment. Based on the conclusions
drawn from this experiment, Thomson described the atomic structure
as a positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons
embedded within it. It is commonly referred to as the Plum Pudding
Model.
Thomson’s atomic structure described atoms as electrically neutral, i.e.,
the positive and the negative charges were of equal magnitude.
Rutherford Atomic
Theory

• Rutherford, a student of J. J. Thomson, revised the atomic structure by


discovering another subatomic particle called the nucleus. His
atomic model is based on the Alpha ray scattering experiment.
• Rutherford proposed his atomic structure based on the above
observations and conclusions. According to his model, the nucleus
is located at the center of an atom, containing most of the charge
and
mass. The atomic structure is spherical, and electrons revolve around
the nucleus in a circular orbit, similar to the way planets orbit the
sun.
• Bohr’s Atomic Theory
• Neils Bohr put forth his model of the atom in the year 1915. This is
the
most widely used atomic model to describe the stability of the atom.
Subatomic Particles
• Protons
• Protons are positively charged subatomic particles. The charge of a proton is 1e, which corresponds to approximately
1.602 × 10-19
• The mass of a proton is approximately 1.672 × 10-24
• Protons are over 1800 times heavier than electrons.
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines what kind of chemical element it is.
• Elements in the periodic table are arranged according to their increasing atomic numbers.
• Their existence in the nucleus was proved by Sir Ernest Rutherford in 1919
• Neutrons
• The mass of a neutron is almost the same as that of a proton, i.e., 1.674×10-24
• Neutrons are electrically neutral particles and carry no charge.
• Different isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but vary in the number of neutrons present in their
respective nuclei.
• It was discovered by Sir James Chadwick in 1932
Electron
s
• The charge of an electron is -1e, which approximates to -1.602 × 10-19
• The mass of an electron is approximately 9.1 × 10-31.
• Due to the relatively negligible mass of electrons, they are ignored
when calculating the mass of an atom.
• Most properties of atoms are based on the number and arrangement of
their electrons
• They were discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897
Atomic Number
and Atomic
Mass

• The Atomic Number is the number of


protons present in the nucleus of an
atom. It is represented by Z.
• The Atomic Mass or Mass number is the
number of protons and neutrons present
in the nucleus of an atom. It is
represented by A.
PRACTICE
QUESTIONS
An element has atomic number 2 and mass number 4. What
can you tell about the subatomic particles of that element?

How does atomic number define the identity of an atom?

An element has atomic number 8 and mass number 16. How


many neutrons does that element have?
Isotop
es
Isotop
es
• Atoms of same element with same
no. of protons but different no. of
neutrons
• Same chemical properties but
different physical properties due to
different atomic mass

Isotopes of
Hydrogen
Uses of
Isotopes
• H-2 (Deuterium) is used in nuclear reactors.
• U-235 (Uranium) is used as a fuel in nuclear power plants.
• C-14 ( carbon) is used in Carbon dating.
• Americium-241 is used in smoke alarms.
• Cobalt-60 is used in the diagnosis of cancer.
• Californium-252 is used to detect metal fatigue in airplanes.
• Na-24 is used in the detection of brain tumors.
Chemical
Hazards

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