U n i t 7 : Tr i g o n o m e t r i c F u n c t i o n s

Content
THE AVENGERS
AGE OF ULTRON
INFINITY WAR END GAME
Right Triangle Ratios & Unit Circle & Graphs of Oblique Triangles &
The Cartesian Plane Trigonometric Functions Trigo Identities Application
Nick Fury is compelled to Tony Stark builds an artificial The Avengers must stop After Thanos, an intergalactic
launch the Avengers intelligence system named Thanos, an intergalactic warlord, disintegrates half of
Initiative when Loki Ultron with the help of Bruce warlord, from getting his the universe, the Avengers
poses a threat to planet Banner. When the sentient hands on all the infinity must reunite and assemble
Earth. His squad of Ultron makes plans to wipe stones. However, Thanos is again to reinvigorate their
superheroes put their out the human race, the prepared to go to any trounced allies and restore
minds together to Avengers set out to stop him. lengths to carry out his balance.
accomplish the task. insane plan.
OUR TEAM
Right
T r i a n g l e R a t i o s
 The six trigonometric functions of a right triangle,
with an acute angle , are defined by ratios of two sides
of the triangle.
hyp
opp

The sides of the right triangle are: θ

adj
the side opposite the acute angle ,

the side adjacent to the acute angle ,

and the hypotenuse of the right triangle .

 hyp
The trigonometric functions are opp
θ
adj
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant.
opp adj = opp
sin = cos = tan
hyp hyp adj

csc = hyp hyp = adj

SOH CAH TOA
sec = cot
opp adj opp

Note: sine and cosecant are reciprocals, cosine and secant are reciprocals,
and tangent and cotangent are reciprocals.
Special Right Triangles
Geometry of the 45-45-90 triangle

Consider an isosceles right triangle with two sides of

length 1.

2 45
1 12  12  2
45
1

The Pythagorean Theorem implies that the hypotenuse

is of length 2 .
Calculate the trigonometric functions for a 45 angle.

2
1
45
1
opp 1 2 adj 1 2
sin 45= = = cos 45= = =
hyp 2 2 hyp 2 2

opp 1 adj 1
tan 45 = = = 1 cot 45 = = = 1
adj 1 opp 1
hyp 2 2 hyp 2
sec 45 = = = csc 45 = = = 2
adj 1 opp 1
Geometry of the 30-60-90 triangle
Consider an equilateral triangle with
each side of length 2. 30○ 30○

The three sides are equal, so the

2 2
angles are equal; each is 60. 3

The perpendicular bisector

of the base bisects the 60○ 60○

opposite angle. 1 1
2
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find the length of the altitude, 3 .
Calculate the trigonometric functions for a 30 angle.

2 1

30
3
opp 1 adj 3
sin 30 = = cos 30= =
hyp 2 hyp 2

opp 1 3 adj 3
tan 30= = = cot 30 = = = 3
adj 3 3 opp 1

hyp 2 2 3 hyp 2
sec 30 = = = csc 30 = = = 2
adj 3 3 opp 1
Calculate the trigonometric functions for a 60 angle.

2
3

60○

1
opp 3 adj 1
sin 60 = = cos 60 = =
hyp 2 hyp 2

opp 3 adj 1 3
tan 60 = = = 3 cot 60 = = =
adj 1 opp 3 3
hyp 2 hyp 2 2 3
sec 60 = = = 2 csc 60 = = =
adj 1 opp 3 3
 Sine ⇅ Cosecant Cosine ⇅ Secant Tangent ⇅ Cotangent

300 ,2 , ,

450 ,2 ,2 1

600 , ,2 ,
Calculate the trigonometric functions for  .
Calculate the trigonometric functions for .
5 
The six trig ratios are 4
4 3
sin=
5
sin α = 
5
3 4 3
cos= cos α =
5 5
4 3 What is the
tan = tan α =
3 4 relationship of
3
cot= 4 α and θ?
4 cot α =
3
5 5 They are
sec= sec α =
3 4 complementary
5 5 (α = 90 – θ)
csc= csc α =
4 3
 Note sin  = cos(90  ), for 0 <  < 90

Note that  and 90  are complementary

angles.
hyp
Side a is opposite θ and also 90○– θ a
adjacent to 90○– θ . θ
b
a a
sin  = and cos (90  ) = .
b b
So, sin  = cos (90  ).
Note : These functions of the complements are called cofunctions.
Cofunctions
sin  = cos (90  ) cos  = sin (90  )
sin  = cos (π/2  ) cos  = sin (π/2  )

tan  = cot (90  ) cot  = tan (90  )

tan  = cot (π/2  ) cot  = tan (π/2  )

sec  = csc (90  ) csc  = sec (90  )

sec  = csc (π/2  ) csc  = sec (π/2  )
Quotient Identities hyp
opp
θ
adj
opp
sin  = opp cos  = adj tan  =
hyp hyp adj
opp
sin  hyp opp hyp opp
    tan 
cos  adj hyp adj adj
hyp

The same argument can be made for cot… since it is the cos 
reciprocal function of tan. cot  
sin 
Quotient Identities
sin 
tan  
cos 
Important Question:

Why do mathematicians never go the beach?

Reciprocal Functions

Another way to look at it…

sin  = 1/csc  csc  = 1/sin 

cos  = 1/sec  sec  = 1/cos 
tan  = 1/cot  cot  = 1/tan 
Pythagorean Identities

Three additional identities that we will use are those related to the
Pythagorean Theorem:

Pythagorean Identities
sin2  + cos2  = 1
tan2  + 1 = sec2 
cot2  + 1 = csc2 
Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
Reciprocal Identities
sin  = 1/csc  cos  = 1/sec  tan  = 1/cot 
cot  = 1/tan  sec  = 1/cos  csc  = 1/sin 
Co function Identities
sin  = cos(90  ) cos  = sin(90  )
sin  = cos (π/2  ) cos  = sin (π/2  )
tan  = cot(90  ) cot  = tan(90  )
tan  = cot (π/2  ) cot  = tan (π/2  )
sec  = csc(90  ) csc  = sec(90  )
sec  = csc (π/2  ) csc  = sec (π/2  )

Quotient Identities
tan  = sin  /cos  cot  = cos  /sin 
Pythagorean Identities
sin2  + cos2  = 1 tan2  + 1 = sec2  cot2  + 1 = csc2 
Example: Given sec  = 4, find the values of the
other five trigonometric functions of  .
Draw a right triangle with an angle  such
hyp 4 4 15
that 4 = sec  = = .
adj 1
θ
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to solve
1
for the third side of the triangle.
15 1 4
sin  = csc  = =
4 sin  15
1 1
cos  = sec  = =4
4 cos
15 1
tan  = = 15 cot  =
1 15
 Geometry 30-60-90 Triangle
Find x and y

Through Identities:

Tangent
Sine ⇅ Cosine ⇅
⇅
Cosecant Secant
Cotangent

300 ,2 , ,

450 ,2 ,2 1

600 , ,2 ,
Find x and y
Applications Involving Right Triangles

The angle you are given is the angle

of elevation, which represents the
angle from the horizontal upward
to an object.

For objects that lie below the

horizontal, it is common to use the
term angle of depression.
Using Trigonometry to Solve a Right Triangle
A surveyor is standing 115 feet from
the base of the Washington
Monument. The surveyor measures
the angle of elevation to the top of
the monument as 78.3.
How tall is the Washington
Monument?
Solution

where x = 115 and y is the height of the

monument. So, the height of the
Washington Monument is
y = x tan 78.3
 115(4.82882)  555 feet.
cartesian
p l a n e
 The Rectangular
Coordinate System

1. Determine the coordinates of a given point.

2. Plot points in the coordinate plane.
3. Determine the quadrant for a given
coordinate.
4. Determine whether the graph of a set of data
points is linear.
 x-axis

Quadrant II Quadrant I
y-axis

positive

negative

ordered pair
(x,y)
Quadrant Quadrant IV
III origin
(0, 0)
quadrants
Use Roman numerals to identify quadrants.
 Positive x; negative y
Quadrant II Quadrant I
(, +) (+, +) Negative x; negative y
Positive x; positive y

Quadrant III Quadrant IV Negative x; positive y

(, ) (+, )
• Write the coordinates for each point shown.

A
A: (3, 5)
B
B: (-3, 3)

C C: (0, 0)

D D: (0, -2)
E
F E: (2, -3)
F: (-1, -4)
Plot and label each point. Name the quadrant.

B
Quadrant
A

A: (1,4) I

F B: (-3,5) II

C: (3,-5) IV

D: (-3,-5) III
E
D C
E: (0,-4) y-axis

F: (-4,0) x-axis
Linear versus Non-linear

 In many problems data are listed as ordered pairs.

 If we plot each pair of data as an ordered pair, we

can see whether the points form a straight line.

 If they form a straight line they are linear.

 Points that do not form a straight line are

nonlinear.
•The following points show the path of an object over
time. Plot the points with the time along the
horizontal axis and the distance along the vertical
axis. Then state whether the path is linear or
nonlinear.
Time Distance
(hours) (miles)
0 0
1 62
2 124
3 186
4 248
The data points form a straight line;
the path of the object is linear.
Identify the coordinates of the point
shown below.

a) (–4, –3 )

b) (–3, –4)

c) (4, –3)

d) (–3, 4)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-

Wesley
Identify the coordinates of the point
shown below.

a) (–4, –3 )

b) (–3, –4)

c) (4, –3)

d) (–3, 4)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-

Wesley
In which quadrant is the point (5, –2)
located?

a) I

b) II

c) III

d) IV

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-

Wesley
In which quadrant is the point (5, –2)
located?

a) I

b) II

c) III

d) IV

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-

Wesley
Graphing Linear Equations

1. Determine whether a given pair of coordinates is

a solution to a given equation with two
unknowns.
2. Find solutions for an equation with two
unknowns.
3. Graph linear equations.
•Determine whether the ordered pair is a solution for
the equation.
(3, 5) y = 4x – 3

• y = 4x – 3
• 5 =? 4(–3) – 3 Replace x with –3 and y with 5.
?
• 5 –12 – 3
=

• 5  –15 Because the equation is not true, (–3, 5) is not a

solution for y = 4x – 3.
To determine if a given ordered pair is a solution:

1. Replace the variables in the equation with the

corresponding coordinates.

2. Verify that the equation is true.

Determine if the given ordered pair is a solution to the given equation.

(2,3) x + 2y = 8 (2,1) 2x - y = 5
2+2(3) ? 8 2(2) – 1 ? 5
2+6=8 4–1?5
Yes, a solution 3≠5
Not a solution

2 3
6, 2 y  x  8, 8  y  x  2
3 4
2 3
 2 ?  6  8 ? 
4
 8  2
3
 24
 8 ? 6 2
Not a solution
A: Solution  8 4
Not a solution
B: Not a solution
How do we find solutions for an equation with two unknowns?

•Find three solutions for the equation. 4x + y = 5

•Replace one of the variables with a chosen value and
then solve for the other variable.

Choose x = 1 Choose x = 2
•Choose x = 0 4x + y = 5 4x + y = 5
• 4x + y = 5 4(1) + y = 5 4(2) + y = 5
•4(0) + y = 5 4+y=5 8+y=5
y=1 y = –3
• y=5
•Solution (0, 5) Solution (1, 1) Solution (2, 3)
•The solutions can be summarized in a table:
x y Ordered Pair
0 5 (0, 5)
1 1 (1, 1)
2 3 (2, 3)

•There are an infinite number of correct solutions for a given equation

in two variables.
To Find Solutions to Equations with Two Variables
1. Choose a value for one of the variables (any value).
2. Replace the corresponding variable with your
chosen value.
3. Solve the equation for the value of the other
variable.
To Graph Linear Equations

1. Find at least two solutions to the equation.

2. Plot the solutions as points in the rectangular
coordinate system.
3. Connect the points to form a straight line.
•Graph 4x + y = 5

x y Ordered Pair
0 5 (0, 5) 4x + y = 5

1 1 (1, 1)
2 3 (2, 3)
Graph: 3x + y = 2
Graph: 1
y  x4
3
Graph: x  2 y 4
Example 5
•Graph y = 2

•Rewrite the equation

y=2

•0x + y = 2

x y Ordered Pair
0 2 (0, 2)
1 2 (1, 2)
3 2 (3, 2)
Horizontal Lines y=c

If the equation has only a y, the line is horizontal.

Example 6
•Graph x = -4

•Rewrite the equation

•x + 0y = -4

x y Ordered Pair
-4 0 (-4, 0)
-4 1 (-4, 1)
-4 2 (-4, 2)
Vertical Lines x=c

If the equation has only an x, the line is vertical.

Which ordered pair is a solution of the
equation 3x – 2y = –6?

a) (4, 3)

b) (1, 5)

c) (2, 0)

d) (0, 3)

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Which ordered pair is a solution of the
equation 3x – 2y = –6?

a) (4, 3)

b) (1, 5)

c) (2, 0)

d) (0, 3)

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 Graph 4x – y = –4

a) b)

c) d)

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 Graph 4x – y = –4

a) b)

c) d)

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