Module-4

Multiple Access Techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, SDMA, Hybrid Multiple Access Techniques,

Multicarrier Multiple Access Schemes.

A Basic Cellular System: A basic cellular system connected to PSTN, Parts of basic cellular system,

Operation of a cellular system

FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) allocates specific frequency channels to subscribers, either permanently or
temporarily, to share available radio spectrum efficiently.

• Forward (downlink) and Reverse (uplink) Channels: FDMA differentiates between these by assigning distinct carrier
frequencies to maintain a clear separation between cell-site to subscriber and subscriber to cell-site communications.

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): This duplexing scheme uses sufficiently spaced forward and reverse channel
frequencies, commonly applied in macrocellular communication for extensive radio coverage.

• Channel Assignment and Guard Bands: Each active mobile subscriber is assigned a unique carrier frequency, with guard
bands added to minimize interference between adjacent channels.

• Spectral Efficiency and Interference Minimization: FDMA aims for high spectral efficiency by tightly packing channels
while controlling power spectral density and incorporating selective filters and guard bands to prevent adjacent channel
interference
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) allocates specific frequency channels to subscribers, either permanently
or temporarily, to share available radio spectrum efficiently.

• Forward (downlink) and Reverse (uplink) Channels: FDMA differentiates between these by assigning distinct carrier
frequencies to maintain a clear separation between cell-site to subscriber and subscriber to cell-site communications.

• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): This duplexing scheme uses sufficiently spaced forward and reverse channel
frequencies, commonly applied in macrocellular communication for extensive radio coverage.Channel Assignment
and Guard Bands: Each active mobile subscriber is assigned a unique carrier frequency, with guard bands added to
minimize interference between adjacent channels.Spectral Efficiency and Interference Minimization: FDMA aims for
high spectral efficiency by tightly packing channels while controlling power spectral density and incorporating
selective filters and guard bands to prevent adjacent channel interference
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
Spread Spectrum and CDMA
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
HYBRID MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
1.Hybrid TDMA/FDMA
HYBRID MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
2. Hybrid TDMA/DSMA
HYBRID MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
3. Hybrid TDMA/FHMA
HYBRID MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES
3. Hybrid DSMA/FHMA
MULTICARRIER MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
1.OFDMA

• OFDMA is a multi-user version of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing), which

distributes data over multiple carriers with precise frequencies, similar to FDM, but with orthogonality
to avoid interference between subcarriers.

• In OFDM, data is split into N substreams, each transmitted on a separate subcarrier with a spacing of b,
where N is the number of subcarriers and b is the base frequency. The bit duration for each substream is
N/R.

• QPSK is used for digital modulation in OFDM, where each symbol represents two bits. Data is
transmitted in bursts, with a cyclic prefix added to prevent intersymbol interference (ISI) from
multipath.
MULTICARRIER MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
1.OFDMA

• OFDM minimizes the impact of frequency-selective fading by isolating fading

to individual subchannels, reducing interference, especially in multipath
environments, and protecting the data stream with forward error correction.

• The use of OFDM reduces ISI by increasing the symbol period, which is
scaled by a factor of N. This makes the symbol period much greater than the
delay spread, reducing the need for equalizers in the system.
MULTICARRIER MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
2. SC-FDMA

• SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a communication technique used to

combine the advantages of both single-carrier and multi-carrier systems, typically employed in LTE
networks for uplink transmissions.

• Unlike OFDMA, SC-FDMA uses a single carrier for data transmission, which reduces peak-to-average
power ratio (PAPR), making it more power-efficient for mobile devices.

• SC-FDMA works by first converting the data into frequency-domain symbols, followed by mapping them
onto the subcarriers, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth with minimal interference.

• The technique is designed to minimize interference, improve spectral efficiency, and allow for better power
control in mobile communications, especially in environments with varying signal strength
MULTICARRIER MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES
3. MC-CDMA

• MC-CDMA combines OFDM and DS-CDMA, offering a high bandwidth spread while managing
potential distortion from high envelope power fluctuation in RF amplifiers. Power efficiency may be
compromised if amplifiers are backed off to reduce distortion.

• The system operates efficiently in environments with small delay and Doppler spread, reducing guard
intervals and increasing power efficiency. It requires high chip rates to function well, particularly in
indoor environments with short multipath delays.

• MC-CDMA handles frequency-selective fading better than OFDM, as it spreads information over
multiple subcarriers and recovers data from scattered powers. Its performance is comparable to m-
finger rake receivers in DS-CDMA, with frequency-domain equalizers improving signal recovery
A Basic Cellular System -
A Basic Cellular System Connected to PSTN

• A cellular radio network consists of multiple geographical areas, known as cells, which are
interconnected through either landline or wireless communication systems, typically using the
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Within each cell, mobile subscribers can
communicate with each other through the cellular network.
• The network is defined by a series of base stations, which are transceivers located at the center of
each cell. These base stations function as both air interfaces and local control centers for mobile
users within the cell. Mobile phones, whether installed in vehicles or handheld, communicate with
the nearest base station.
• Base stations are connected to a Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO), which manages call
setup, processing, and termination. The MTSO also handles tasks such as channel allocation,
signaling, and network supervision. It serves as the central point for network administration and
maintenance, linking the cellular system to the public telephone network via voice trunks and data
links.
A Basic Cellular System -
A Basic Cellular System Connected to PSTN
A Basic Cellular System -
Main Parts of a Basic Cellular System
A Basic Cellular System -
Main Parts of a Basic Cellular System

Cell-Site Equipment (CSE)

• A fixed base station used for wireless communication with mobile

subscriber and signaling/data communication with MTSO
• Located at the center or the edge of coverage region of a cell
• Consists of a number of transreceivers, Tx/Rx antennas mounted on a
tall tower, datalinks, and power plant
• Transmission data rate on data links vary from 10 Kbps to
several Mbps
A Basic Cellular System -
Main Parts of a Basic Cellular System

Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)

• The central coordinating element for all the cell sites connected to it
• Interfaces with Public Switch Telephone Network (PSTN)
• Controls call processing and handle billing activities
• Comprises of the switch and the processor
A Basic Cellular System -
Main Parts of a Basic Cellular System

Mobile Subscriber Unit (MSU)

• Comprises of a single antenna, transreceiver, and microprocessor-
based control circuit
• Uses a duplexer or RF switch to separate the transmit and receive
signals
• GSM mobile subscriber unit consists of the Mobile Equipment (ME)
an electronic ‘smart card’ called a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
which plugs into the ME
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM

From a user’s point of view, theoperation can be divided into four

partsand a handoff procedure
• Mobile unit initialization
• Mobile originated calls
• Network originated calls
• Call termination
• Handoff procedure
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM

Mobile Unit Initialization

• When a mobile is switched ON, it scans all control channels and

selects the strongest one(usually from the nearest cell site).
• This self-location scheme is user-independent and repeated
periodically to update.
• Mobile gets registered itself with the cell site as being active.
• The MTSO can then track the location of the mobile by paging it
on control channel
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM

• Mobile Originated Calls

• The mobile subscriber places the called number and press the `send’
button.
• A request for service is sent on a selected control channel.
• The cell site receives it and sends a request to MTSO for allocation
of resources.
• After authentication, MTSO directs cell site to allocate a voice channel
for the call.
• MTSO also connects the called subscriber.
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM
Call Processing in CellularSy
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM

Network Originated Calls

• MTSO receives a call request from Network.
• It sends a message to certain cell sites, based on called mobile
number and search algorithm.
• Each cell site transmits the page on its control channel.
• The called mobile unit recognizes its own ID, and responds to the cell
site.
• It locks on to assigned voice channel and initiate user alert tone.
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM

Call Termination

• When the mobile unit terminates the call, a particular message signal
is transmitted to the cell site.
• The voice channel is made free.
• The mobile unit resumes monitoring page messages through the
strongest control channel.
OPERATION OF A CELLULAR SYSTEM

• Handoff Procedure
• During the call, when the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area
of its cell site, the received signal becomes weak.
• The present cell site requests a handoff to MTSO.
• The MTSO switches the call to a new voice channel in a new cell site
automatically.
• The call continues as long as the conversation is on.
• The mobile user does not notice the handoff occurrences.