CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH DESIGN
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
 SAMPLING PROCEDURE
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT
 RESEARCH INTERVENTION (if applicable)
 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
 DATA ANALYSIS
BASICS OF WRITING CHAPTER 3

QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
PICTURE ANALYSIS
Think about this:
1. What is this picture?
2. What is it for?
3. What are its functions?
4. Why is it essential in
building a house?
5. If the plan is not
thoroughly followed, what
may happen to the
construction?
6. Why are designs/plans
important?
 QUESTION

Are designs also

important in
Why? research?
 LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, you are expected to
be able to:
1. Define research design
2. Distinguish the different types of research
designs and their characteristics.
3. Choose the most appropriate
quantitative research design for the
study being conducted.
 Based on the previous
discussion,
how do you define
research designs now?
 DEFINITION
RESEARCH DESIGN refers to the
overall plan, structure and
strategy of investigation for
conducting a research project.
It details the procedures
necessary for obtaining
 2 MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS
1. True Experimental
1. Experimental 2. Quasi-
Experimental
3. Pre-Experimental

1. Descriptive
2. Non- 2. Correlational
Experimental 3. Ex-Post Facto
 BASIC TERMS TO BE
FAMILIAR WITH:
1.) Intervention/treatment - involves the
researchers' manipulation of the independent
variables. Symbolized by (X).

2.) Experimental Group - also known as the

(treatment group) are the research participants
who are subjected for or given intervention.

3.) Control group – participants who are not

exposed to the intervention.
 BASIC TERMS TO BE
FAMILIAR WITH:
4.) Randomization – a sampling procedure
that gives all of the members of the population an
equal chance to be selected as a participant or
respondent of a study.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
1. True Experimental
2. Quasi-
Experimental
3. Pre-Experimental
 1. True Experimental Research
Design
This design is called a true experiment because the
researcher has control over the independent variables and
the treatment of the subjects (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017). In
true experimental researches, randomization of subjects is
required.

The succeeding models will best be explained using the labels below:

R - Random selection (of participants)

01 - Pretest
02 - Posttest
X - Intervention
 1. True Experimental Research
Design
a. Pretest-Posttest Controlled Group
Design
The participants both in the experimental and control
groups are randomly selected. Both receive pre- and
posttests but only the experimental group gets to be treated-
the intervention.

The procedure of this design can best be summarized below:

R 01 X 02 → experimental group
R 01 02 → control group
 1. True Experimental Research
Design
b. Posttest Only Controlled Group
Design
Unlike in pretest-posttest controlled group design, no
group gets to be pretested but both are likely to be
given a posttest. Also, only the experimental group is given
an intervention.

The procedure of this design can best be summarized below:

R X 02 → experimental group
R 02 → control group
 1. True Experimental Research
Design
c. Solomon Four-Group Design

This is considered as the most reliable design as it

minimizes threats of validity. There are four groups and
the participants are randomly selected in all of them.
The first two groups (experimental 1 and control 1) both get
pretested but only experimental group 1 receives the
intervention. Meanwhile, the second group (experimental 2
and control 2) does not get pretested and only
experimental group 2 receives the intervention. Lastly, all
of them are given posttests.
 1. True Experimental Research
Design
c. Solomon Four-Group Design

The procedure of this design can best be

summarized below:
R 01 X 02 → experimental group
1
R 01 02 → control group 1
R X 02 → experimental
group 2
R 02 → control group 2
Controls the effect of pretest on the final
2. Quasi Experimental Research
Design
QUASI means “almost but not really”.

This is a research design that is almost a

true experimental design but is NOT
REALLY because it has either no control
group or the subjects are not randomly
selected.
 2. Quasi Experimental Research
Design
a. Non-Equivalent Controlled Group
Design
This is almost the same as the pretest-posttest
controlled group design only that the subjects are
not randomly selected, both get to be given a pretest
and a posttest but only the experimental group receives
treatment.

01 X 02 → experimental group
01 02 → control group
 2. Quasi Experimental Research
Design
b. Time Series Design

The researcher observes the participants where

01, 02, and 03 are given pretests while 04, 05
and 06 receive posttests. Moreover, both groups
undergo multiple observations.

01 02 03 X 04 05
06
 3. Pre-Experimental Research
Design

Of all the designs presented earlier, this is

the weakest as the researcher has no or
little control over the research.
3. Pre-Experimental Research
Design
a. One-Shot Case Study

Only one group is exposed to the treatment but it

is neither given a pre- or posttest. What the researcher
does it to observe the participants after the intervention.

In symbols:
X 0
3. Pre-Experimental Research
Design
b. One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design

The participants in a group are not randomly

selected but they are given both pre- and
posttests. It also undergone intervention.

In symbols:
01 X 02
 NON-
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
DESIGNS
1.Descriptive
2. Correlational
3. Ex-Post Facto
Non-Experimental Research Designs

This is a type of research that lacks the

manipulation of independent variables. Survey
studies generally make up non-experimental research
designs. From the name itself, data is collected
through self-report. Respondents usually “report their
attitudes, opinions, perceptions, and behaviors”
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017, p. 141)
 CONCEPTS TO BE FAMILIAR
WITH:
1. Source of data. Data can be collected
from any of the three groups:

a. sample - a portion of the population

b. mass – smaller than a sample but larger
than a group.
c. group - smaller than a mass
Non-Experimental Research Designs
Method of data collection. Survey results
may be gathered via:

a. telephone
b. text message
c. snail mail
d. e-mail or any online portal (i.e. social
media)
e. face-to-face interaction
Non-Experimental Research Designs
Time Orientation
1. Retrospective. This study looks backwards and
examines exposures which attempt to determine
independent variables that might have caused a
phenomenon at present to exist.
2. Cross-sectional. Involves looking at data from a
population or sample at a specific point in time
(Cherry & Gans, 2019).
3. Longitudinal - It aims to collect data from the same
respondents at different times. It involves continuous or
repeated procedures over prolonged periods of time
 1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
This aims to "observe and report on a
certain phenomenon, type of behavior, or
trait as it takes place or manifests itself"
(Barrot, 2017, p. 102). The researcher arrives
at his results upon using surveys, checklists,
or observations.
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
The main purpose of this design is to see if the
increase or decrease in one variable corresponds or
relates to the increase or decrease of another.

It wants to determine the strength and

direction of relationship between variables.
3. EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH
DESIGN

This design aims to assume causes from effects

that are already existing.

It involves variables that already

happened in the past and connect it to
current phenomena to explain its occurrence.
APPLICATI
ON
 The researcher is only after the
Descriptive Research impact, no variables are to be
Design manipulated.
The research wants to see if there
Experimental is a significant effect. Manipulation
Research Design of variables is involved.

The Relationship between

The researcher is concerned in

Frequent Social Media Surfing

Correlational Research knowing the relationship

and HUMSS Students' Social

Design frequent social media surfing

Skills
has on students’ social skills.
LET US GENERALIZE!
1. What is research design?
2. What are the two major classifications of research
designs?
3. What are the sub-classifications of experimental
design?
4. What are the types of non-experimental research
design?
5. What’s the major difference between an
experimental and a non-experimental research
design?
QUIZ
BASICS OF WRITING CHAPTER 3

SAMPLING
PROCEDURE AND
THE SAMPLE
 SLOVIN’S FORMULA – is used to calculate the
sample size necessary to achieve a certain
confidence interval when sampling a
population.
 used when you have limited information on the
characteristics of the population.
DO THIS!
 How many samples are required in a study of the
learning styles of students if 5, 000 students in
PGCHS are to be considered using 5% margin of
error?
 SOLVE the sample size:
RESPONDENTS POPULATION SAMPLE SIZE
SIZE
HE 435
ICT 327
STEM 295
ABM 312
HUMSS 457
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
BASICS OF WRITING CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
BASICS OF WRITING CHAPTER 3

VALIDITY AND
RELIABILITY
BASICS OF WRITING CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH
INTERVENTION
BASICS OF WRITING CHAPTER 3

DATA COLLECTION
PROCEDURE AND
ANALYSIS