UNIT 3: MEIOSIS

REDUCTION DIVISION

Campbell & Reece, 2010

Chapter 13
 1. CHROMOSOMES ARE MATCHED IN
HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS
 In humans, somatic cells (body cells) have:
• 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes and
• one member of each pair from each parent.

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 The human sex chromosomes (Gonosomes)
X and Y differ in size and genetic composition.
 The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are
autosomes with the same size and genetic
composition.

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  Homologous chromosomes are matched in:
• length,
• centromere position, and Centromere

• gene locations (locus).

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  A locus (plural, loci) is the position of a gene.
 Different versions (alleles) of a gene may be
found at the same locus on maternal and
Centromere
paternal chromosomes.

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  Homologous chromosome pair

Centromere

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 2. GAMETES HAVE A SINGLE SET OF
CHROMOSOMES
 Humans and most animals and plants have diploid
body cells.
 That means they have two sets of chromosomes
(homologous chromosome pair) one from each
parent.
 Diploid is written 2n.
 It refers to the total number of chromosomes
a cell can have.
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  Meiosis is a process that converts diploid
nuclei to haploid nuclei.
• Diploid cells have 2 sets of chromosomes.
• Haploid cells have 1 set of chromosomes.
• Meiosis occurs in the gonads (testis and
ovaries), producing gametes—sperm and
eggs.

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  Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and egg
cell.
 The zygote has a diploid chromosome
number, one set from each parent.

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 Haploid gametes (n  23)
A life cycle
n

Egg cell
n
Sperm cell
Meiosis Fertilization

Ovary Testis

Diploid
zygote 2n
(2n  46)

Key
Mitosis Haploid stage (n)
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n  46) Diploid stage (2n)
  All sexual life cycles include an alternation
between
• a diploid stage and
• a haploid stage.
 Why is meiosis so important? It produces
haploid gametes which prevents the
chromosome number from doubling in every
generation. Produce gametes for fertilization.

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 3. MEIOSIS
 Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces
haploid gametes from diploid cells.
 Two haploid gametes combine in fertilization to
restore the diploid state in the zygote.

3
SUMMERY OF THE MEIOSIS PROCESS

3
 MEIOSIS HAS 2 STAGES :
 MEIOSIS I consisting of 5 phases:
 Interphase I, Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I, Telophase I.
 MEIOSIS II consisting of 4 phases
 Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,
Telophase II.

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 MEIOSIS I : INTERPHASE

 Cell build up energy

 DNA Replication (to make
duplicated chromosomes
 Cell doesn’t change
structurally.

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 MEIOSIS I : INTERPHASE

 Cell build up energy

 DNA Replication (to make
duplicated chromosomes
 Cell doesn’t change
structurally.

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 MEIOSIS I : PROPHASE I
Events occurring in the nucleus:
• Chromosomes coil and
become individual chromo-
somes,
• Nucleolus disappears
• Nuclear envelope disappears
• Homologous chromosomes
come together as pairs by
synapsis forming a tetrad
(Each pair, with four
chromatids)
 MEIOSIS I : PROPHASE I
• Non-sister
chromatids
exchange genetic
material through the
process of crossing
over to ensure
genetic variation.
• Centrioli move to
opposite poles with
spindle fibers
between them.
 MEIOSIS I : PROPHASE I

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 CROSSING OVER
 Genetic recombination is the production of new
combinations of genes due to crossing over.
 Crossing over is an exchange of genes between
separate (non-sister) chromatids on homologous
chromosomes.
• Non-sister chromatids join at a chiasma
(plural, chiasmata), the site of attachment.
• Genetic material are exchanged between
maternal and paternal (nonsister) chromatids.

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 CROSSING OVER

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 MEIOSIS I: METAPHASE I
 Centrioli has reached
the poles.
 Homologous pairs
align at the cell
equator.
 The two chromosomes
attach to one spindle
fiber by means of the
kinetochore of the
centromere.
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 MEIOSIS I: METAPHASE I
 Centrioli has reached the
poles.
 Homologous pairs align at the
cell equator.
 The two chromosomes attach
to one spindle fiber by means
of the kinetochore of the
centromere.

.
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 MEIOSIS I: ANAPHASE I
 Spindle fibers
contract.
 Duplicated
chromosomes
move to opposite
poles.
.

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 MEIOSIS I: ANAPHASE I
 Spindle fibers contract.
 Duplicated chromosomes
move to opposite poles.
.

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 MEIOSIS I: TELOPHASE I
• Duplicated chromosomes
have reached the poles.
• A nuclear envelope and
nucleolus re-forms around
chromosomes.
• Each nucleus now has the
haploid number of
chromosomes.
• Cell invaginates forming a
cleavage furrow, which
extends to for 2 separate
haploid cells.
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 MEIOSIS I: TELOPHASE I
• Duplicated chromosomes
have reached the poles.
• A nuclear envelope and
nucleolus re-forms around
chromosomes.
• Each nucleus now has the
haploid number of
chromosomes.
• Cell invaginates forming a
cleavage furrow, which
extends to for 2 separate
haploid cells.
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 MEIOSIS II
 Follows meiosis I without chromosome
duplication.
 Each of the two haploid products enters
meiosis II.

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 MEIOSIS II: PROPHASE II

• Chromosomes coil and

become compact (if
uncoiled after telophase I).
• Nuclear envelope and
nucleolus, if re-formed,
dissappears again.
• Centrioli move to opposite
poles, forming spindle
fibers between them.
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 MEIOSIS II: PROPHASE II

• Chromosomes coil and

become compact (if
uncoiled after telophase I).
• Nuclear envelope and
nucleolus, if re-formed,
dissappears again.
• Centrioli move to opposite
poles, forming spindle
fibers between them.
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 MEIOSIS II: METAPHASE II
• Individual duplicated
chromosomes align on
the equator.
• One chromosome per
spindle fiber attached by
means of kinetochore of
centromere.
• Centrioli has reached
the poles.
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 MEIOSIS II: METAPHASE II
• Individual duplicated
chromosomes align on the
equator.
• One chromosome per spindle
fiber attached by means of
kinetochore of centromere.
• Centrioli has reached the
poles.

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 MEIOSIS II: ANAPHASE II

• Spindle fibers contract.

• Duplicated chromosomes
split in half (centromere
dividing in 2)
• Daughter chromosomes
move to opposite poles.

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 MEIOSIS II: ANAPHASE II

• Spindle fibers contract.

• Duplicated chromosomes
split in half (centromere
dividing in 2)
• Daughter chromosomes
move to opposite poles.

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 MEIOSIS II: TELOPHASE II
• Daughter chromosomes has
reached the poles.
• Two cells invaginate and
form 4 daughter haploid
cells (gametes)
• They uncoil and form
chromatin.
• Nuclear envelope and
nucleolus for around
chromatin again.
 MEIOSIS II: TELOPHASE II
• Daughter chromosomes has
reached the poles.
• Two cells invaginate and form 4
daughter haploid cells
(gametes)
• They uncoil and form chromatin.
• Nuclear envelope and
nucleolus for around chromatin
again.
• Centrioli form centrosome.
 SUMMERY OF MEIOSIS II
Telophase II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II and Cytokinesis

Haploid daughter
cells forming
 4. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
 Mitosis and meiosis both
• begin with diploid parent cells that
• have chromosomes duplicated during the
previous interphase.
 However the end products differ.
• Mitosis produces two genetically identical
diploid somatic daughter cells.
• Meiosis produces four genetically unique
haploid gametes.
 5. GENETIC VARIATION IN GAMETES
RESULTS FROM:
• Independent orientation at metaphase
I
• Random fertilization.
• Crossing over of genes during
prophase I

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 6. KARYOTYPE
• A karyotype is an ordered display of
magnified images of an individual’s
chromosomes arranged in pairs.
• Karyotypes allow for the observation of :
 homologous chromosome pairs,
 chromosome number, and
 chromosome structure.

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SCIENTIST OBSERVING A HUMAN
KARYOTYPE
Centromere

Sister
chromatids

Pair of
homologous
chromosomes

Sex chromosomes
7. ALTERATION IN CHROMOSOME NUMBER
 An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes
Down syndrome or also known as TRISOMY
21.
 A. Trisomy 21
• involves the inheritance of three copies of
chromosome 21 and
• is the most common human chromosome
abnormality.
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Down syndrome
 Trisomy 21 produces a characteristic set of symptoms,
which include:
• mental retardation,
• characteristic facial features,
• short stature,
• heart defects,
• susceptibility to respiratory infections, leukemia,
and Alzheimer’s disease, and
• shortened life span.
 The incidence increases with the age of the mother.
B. ACCIDENTS DURING MEIOSIS CAN
ALTER CHROMOSOME NUMBER
 Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes or
chromatids to separate normally during meiosis. This
can happen during:
• meiosis I, if both members of a homologous pair go
to one pole or
• meiosis II if both sister chromatids go to one pole.
 Fertilization after nondisjunction yields zygotes with
altered numbers of chromosomes .
MEIOSIS I

Nondisjunction

MEIOSIS II

Normal
meiosis II

Gametes

Number of n1 n1 n1 n1

chromosomes
Abnormal gametes
 MEIOSIS I

Normal
meiosis I

MEIOSIS II

Nondisjunction

n1 n1 n n

Abnormal gametes Normal gametes

 C. ABNORMAL NUMBERS OF SEX
CHROMOSOMES

 Sex chromosome abnormalities tend to

be less severe, perhaps because of
• the small size of the Y chromosome
or
• X-chromosome inactivation.

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 In general,
• a single Y chromosome is enough to produce
“maleness,” even in combination with several
X chromosomes, and
• the absence of a Y chromosome yields
“femaleness.”

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 The following table lists the most common human sex
chromosome abnormalities.

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 D. NEW SPECIES CAN ARISE FROM
ERRORS IN CELL DIVISION
 Errors in mitosis or meiosis may produce
polyploid species, with more than two
chromosome sets.
.

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 8. ALTERATIONS OF CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE
 Chromosome breakage can lead to
rearrangements that can produce:
• genetic disorders or,
• if changes occur in somatic cells, cancer.

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THESE REARRANGEMENTS MAY INCLUDE:
• a deletion, the loss of a chromosome
segment,
• a duplication, the repeat of a chromosome
segment,
• an inversion, the reversal of a chromosome
segment, or
• a translocation, the attachment of a segment
to a nonhomologous chromosome that can be
reciprocal.
 THESE REARRANGEMENTS MAY INCLUDE:

Deletion Inversion

Duplication Reciprocal translocation

Homologous
chromosomes Nonhomologous
chromosomes

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