LEADING

CHAPTER 6: LEADING
OBJECTIVES:
1. Discuss the nature of leading or directing
2. Differentiate leading from managing
3. Identify the different theories of motivation
4. Differentiate among various styles of leadership
5. Appreciate the role of communication in directing people
within the organization
What is Leading
- a management function that involves inspiring and
influencing people in the organization to achieve
common goal.
Managing
- the process of working with and through others to achieve
organizational objectives efficiently and ethically amid constant
change; deals with planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling.
Personality of Human Resource
Personality- pertains to the unique combination of physical and
mental characteristics that affect how individuals react to
situations and interact with others, and if unhealthy or not fully
functioning could cause conflicts/problems among them.
Big Five Personality Characteristics
According to Robbins and Coulter (2009)
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Emotional Stability
5. Openness to experience
Emotional Intelligence (EI)

- pertains to the ability to manage one’s self

and interact with others in a positive way.
Four Key Components of EI according to
Kreitner and Kinicki (2013)
1. self-awareness
2. Self-management
3. Social awareness
4. Relationship management
Leading an Organization
Key Work Attitudes
1. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)- employee
behavior that exceeds work role requirements ;
behaviors that go beyond the call of duty.
2. Organizational Commitment- extent to which an
individual employee identifies with an organization and
its goal.
Leading an Organization
Key Work Attitudes
3. Job Satisfaction and Productivity- refers to employee’s
general attitude toward their respective jobs.
According to Hawthorne Studies cited by
Robbins and Coulter
“ Managers believed that happy
workers were productive workers”
Fast Learning Review
1. Discuss the nature of the managerial function leading or
directing.
2. Give the difference between the terms “managing” and
“leading”.
3. What is the relationship of the managerial function of leading
to the personality of an employee. Explain your answer.
CHAPTER 6: LEADING
OBJECTIVES:
1. Discuss the nature of leading or directing
2. Differentiate leading from managing
3. Identify the different theories of motivation
4. Differentiate among various styles of leadership
5. Appreciate the role of communication in directing people
within the organization
What is Leading
- a management function that involves inspiring and
influencing people in the organization to achieve
common goal.
Managing
- the process of working with and through others to achieve
organizational objectives efficiently and ethically amid constant
change; deals with planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling.
Personality of Human Resource
Personality- pertains to the unique combination of physical and
mental characteristics that affect how individuals react to
situations and interact with others, and if unhealthy or not fully
functioning could cause conflicts/problems among them.
Big Five Personality Characteristics
According to Robbins and Coulter (2009)
1. Extraversion
2. Agreeableness
3. Conscientiousness
4. Emotional Stability
5. Openness to experience
Emotional Intelligence (EI)

- pertains to the ability to manage one’s self

and interact with others in a positive way.
Four Key Components of EI according to
Kreitner and Kinicki (2013)
1. self-awareness
2. Self-management
3. Social awareness
4. Relationship management
Leading an Organization
Key Work Attitudes
1. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)- employee
behavior that exceeds work role requirements ;
behaviors that go beyond the call of duty.
2. Organizational Commitment- extent to which an
individual employee identifies with an organization and
its goal.
Leading an Organization
Key Work Attitudes
3. Job Satisfaction and Productivity- refers to employee’s
general attitude toward their respective jobs.
According to Hawthorne Studies cited by
Robbins and Coulter
“ Managers believed that happy
workers were productive workers”
Fast Learning Review
1. Discuss the nature of the managerial function leading or
directing.
2. Give the difference between the terms “managing” and
“leading”.
3. What is the relationship of the managerial function of leading
to the personality of an employee. Explain your answer.
Lesson 2: Motivation

Motivation- refers to psychological processes

that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior
Early Theories of Motivation
1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory – refers to Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Five Human Needs:
a. Physiological Needs
b. Safety Needs
c. Social Needs
d. Esteem Needs
e. Self-actualization
Early Theories of Motivation
2. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y- was proposed by Douglas
McGregor
Theory X- is the negative view of workers which assumes that
workers have little ambition, dislike work, and avoid
responsibilities.
Theory Y- is a positive view of workers which assumes that
employees enjoy work, seek out and accept responsibility and
are self-directed.
Early Theories of Motivation
3. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory- Frederick Herrzberg
- also known as Motivation-Hygiene Theory which states
intrinsic factors are associated with job satisfaction, while
extrinsic factors are associated with job dissatisfaction.
Early Theories of Motivation
4. McClelland’s Three Needs Theory
- Need for achievement
- Need for power
- Need for affiliation
Early Theories of Motivation
5. Alderfer’s ERG Theory- developed by clayton
Alderfer
- E stands for existence needs
- R refers to relatedness needs
- G pertains to growth needs
Modern Theories of Motivation
1. Goal Setting Theory
2. Reinforcement Theory
3. Job Design Theory
4. Equity Theory
5. Expectancy Theory
Fast Learning Review
1. Discuss Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory. In your opinion,
is it good motivator for employees to do their job well?
Explain your answer.
2. Besides Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory, what are the
other early theories of motivation. Describe each.
3. Which theory of motivation involves the combining of tasks to
form complete jobs? Give examples and explain each.
Lesson 3: Leadership Theories

Early Leadership Theories

1.Trait Theory
2.Behavioral Theory
Lesson 3: Leadership Theories

Contemporary Theories of Leadership

1. Fiedler Model
2. Hersey-Blanchard Model
3. Path-Goal Theory
Lesson 3: Leadership Theories
Modern Leadership Views
1. Transactional Leadership Model
2. Transformational Leadership Model
3. Charismatic Leadership Model
4. Visionary Leadership Theory
5. Team Leadership Theory
6. Servant Leadership Theory
Lesson 4: Communication
Communication- the exchange of information and
understanding.
- the communication process starts with the
sender who has an idea or a message , which
transmitted through a selected channel to the
receiver, who in turn has to be ready for the
reception of the message , so that it could be
decoded in thoughts.
Lesson 4: Communication
Types of Communication
1. Verbal
2. Nonverbal
Classification
3. Formal
4. Informal
Lesson 4: Communication
Direction of Communication
1. Vertical
2. Upward
3. Downward
4. Horizontal/ lateral
5. Diagonal
Lesson 4: Communication
Communication Network
1. Chain Network
2. Wheel Network
3. All-Channel network
Lesson 4: Communication
Barriers to Communication
1. Filtering
2. Emotions
3. Information Overload
4. Defensiveness
5. Language
6. National Culture
Barriers to Communication
1. Filtering- the shaping of information communicated in
order to make it look good or advantageous to the
receiver.
2. Emotions- the interpretation of communication barrier
to good communication since too many n may be
influenced by extreme emotions felt by receiver.
3. Information overload- another barrier to good
communication since too many pieces of information
received may have a negative effect on a person’s
processing capacity.
Lesson 4: Communication
Overcoming Communication Barriers
1. Using feedback
2. Using Simple language
3. Active Listening
4. Controlling Emotions
5. Observing Body Language
Lesson 5: Management of Change and Diversity
in Organization
Type of Change
1. Change in people
Organizational Development (OD)- technique used to
address change in people.
Kurt Lewin’s description of the process of change
2. Unfreezing
3. Changing
4. refreezing
Lesson 5: Management of Change and Diversity
in Organization
Type of Change
2. Change in Structure
3. Change in Technology
Managing Resistance to Change

1. Mission-
2. Work Processes-
3. Decisions-
4. Information-
5. Technology-
Managing Resistance to Change

1. Education
2. Participation
3. Facilitation and support
4. Manipulation of information
5. Selection of people
6. Coercion
Lesson 5:Management of Change and Diversity
in Organization
Making Changes in Organization Culture
1. Set the tone through management behavior- top
managers particularly, need to positive role model
2. Create new stories, symbols and rituals to replace
those currently in uses.
3. Select and promote employees who adapt the new
values.
Lesson 5:Management of Change and Diversity
in Organization
Making Changes in Organization Culture
4. Redesign socialization processes to align with the new
values.
5. To encourage acceptance of new values, change the
rewards system.
6. Replace unwritten norms with clearly specified
expectations.
Lesson 5:Management of Change and Diversity
in Organization
Making Changes in Organization Culture
7. Shake up current subculture through job transfers, job
rotation, and/ or termination.
8. Work to get consensus through employee participation
and creating a climate with high level of trust.
Managing Workplace Diversity
Workforce Diversity
 it is the fact that organization members may differ in age,
gender, physical ability, ethnicity/race, culture, values,
attitudes, beliefs and personality among others.
 Training
 Creating support group
 Fast Learning Review
1. Name and describe the three types of organizational
change.
2. Why do people fear changes in the “status qou”? As a
individual are you afraid of changes? Explain your
answer.
3. Enumerate and explain the different ways of managing
resistance to change/s.
4. Define workplace diversity. Why should employees be
encouraged to accept differences among organization
members?
Lesson 6: Filipino and Foreign Cultures in
Organizations
Culture – a set of beliefs and values about how a
community should act and do things.
Organizational Culture- a set of shared values and
norms/ standards for behavior and expectations
that influence the interaction of organization
members in order to achieve their set mission,
vision, goals, and objectives.
Lesson 6: Filipino and Foreign Cultures in
Organizations
Three primary Filipino Values
1. Social Acceptance
2. Economic Security
3. Social Mobility
Lesson 6: Filipino and Foreign Cultures in
Organizations
Cultural Dimensions
1. Gender Egalitarianism
2. Assertiveness
3. Performance Orientation
4. Human Orientation
Lesson 6: Filipino and Foreign Cultures in Organizations

Comparison between Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM ETHNOCENTRISM

Refers to the different The belief that one’s own

interpretations of the same way of life or culture is
or similar behavior by superior to others
members of different
cultures.
Lesson 6: Filipino and Foreign Cultures in Organizations

Comparison between Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM ETHNOCENTRISM

It is important to interpret It is important to

or understand the actions understand that people
of the members of other develop culture through
groups in terms of their adaptation to their
particular cultures. surroundings
Lesson 6: Filipino and Foreign Cultures in Organizations
Comparison between Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM ETHNOCENTRISM

Example: An American manager’s Example: A Chinese

direct and brusque manner of
reprimanding a Filipino manager who is
subordinate is acceptable in the ethnocentric may not have
American culture; this however is high regard for Filipino
considered insulting when he is managers who have
judged according to the Filipino
culture which makes use of different management
euphemistic words or indirect, less techniques.
hurting words.
Fast Learning Review
1. Differentiate Filipino culture from Filipino organizational
culture.
2. What are the three primary values of Filipinos? Are these
related workers’ job performance? Explain your answer.
3. How are ningas cogon, mañana habit, and Filipino time related
to organizational management?
4. Are Filipinos high on gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, and
performance orientation? Support your answer by citing actual
experiences.