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FEEE Module 4

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FEEE Module 4

Uploaded by

jthangel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FOUNDATIONS OF ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
UNIT-IV
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Course code and Title 24EECE2231 FEEE


CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Ideal OP-AMP

 Inverting Configuration

 Non-inverting Configuration

 Voltage follower

 Adder or Summing Amplifier

 Subtractor or Difference Amplifier

 Difference amplifiers(Single Op-amp & two Op-

amps)
 Op-amp as Integrator

 Op-amp as Differentiator

 Applications of OP-AMP
INTRODUCTION

 An operational amplifier is an Amplifier which amplifies the signal


and member of Linear integrated circuits.
 It is a high gain, negative feedback amplifier.
 It can perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, integration and differentiation.
 It is used in voltage regulators, oscillator circuits, pulse
generators, comparators, Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog
converters, analog computers etc.
 It is popularly known as OP-AMP.
 It can amplify both d.c and a.c input signals.
OP-AMP SYMBOL

 (+) or ‘b’ is non-inverting terminal


 (-) or ‘a’ is inverting terminal
 ‘a’ and ‘b’ input terminals
 ‘c’ output terminals
 Positive voltage input V2 is applied to terminal ‘b’ and negative
voltage input V1 is applied to terminal ‘a’.
 Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (V2-V1)
where A is the open loop gain of the amplifier
THE IDEAL OP-AMP (INVERTING)

 Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (0-V1) = -AV1


THE IDEAL OP-AMP (NON INVERTING)

 Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (V2 - 0) = AV2


THE IDEAL OP-AMP: EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT

 Equivalent circuit is helpful in analyzing the operating


principle of OP-AMP and in observing effects of feedback.
 Ri is the input resistance appearing between inverting
and non-inverting terminals.
 R0 is the output resistance which is Thevenin equivalent
resistance looking back from output terminals of OP-AMP.
 ‘AVid’ is the equivalent Thevenin voltage source.
THE IDEAL OP-AMP:
CHARACTERISTICS

Ideal OP-AMP has following characteristics:


 An infinite voltage gain. i.e. A =

 An infinite bandwidth. i.e., any frequency signal ranging 0 to

E
Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEE
Hz can be amplified without any distortion.
 Infinite input resistance. i.e., Ri = . Hence, input current
is zero and no loading effect. OP-AMP is a voltage-controlled
device.
 Zero output resistance. i.e., R0 = 0. Hence, V0 is
independent of the output resistance.
 When input signal voltage is zero, the output signal will also
be zero.
 Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)is infinite.
 Infinite slew rate. i.e., change in output voltage occurs
simultaneously with the input voltage changes.
Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEE
E
THE IDEAL OP-AMP:
CHARACTERISTICS
THE IDEAL OP-AMP: TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

E
Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEE
 Voltage transfer characteristic curve is drawn between input
(Vid) and output (V0) voltages.
 Saturation of output voltage takes place once the differential
input voltage ‘Vid’ reaches a threshold voltage ‘Vth’.
 The saturation voltage is approximately equal to supply
voltage for all practical considerations.
 Slope of the curve represents the gain ‘A’.
THE INVERTING CONFIGURATION: OPEN LOOP

E
Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEE
 Input signal is applied to inverting input terminal.
 The non-inverting terminal is grounded. i.e. V 2 = 0.
 Output voltage V0 = AOL(Vid) = AOL (0-V1) = - AOLV1.
Where AOL is open loop voltage gain which is very high.
 The negative sign indicates that output is 180 0 out of phase with respect to
input.
 As AOL is very high and –Vsat< V0<Vsat,
 Hence V0 oscillates between +Vsat and -Vsat.
 Hence, very small input voltages drives the output to saturation level.
 So, only the small signals of the order of micro volts can only be amplified
accurately without distortion.
 Signals of high amplitudes can be applied by using feedback in the OP-AMP.
THE INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

 Figure shows basic inverting amplifier with feedback resistance R f .


In this mode positive input terminal is grounded and the signal is
applied to the negative terminal.
 V1 may be a d.c. or a.c. voltage signal with in the bandwidth of
amplifier.
 Output signal is fed back to the inverting input terminal through
feedback resistance Rf .
 The feedback current is algebraically added point G.
 The point G, although not connected to ground, but is held virtually
at ground potential irrespective of V1 and V0.
THE INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

 At point G, i1= i2.

 Output voltage
 Closed loop gain
 If Rf= R1 = 1, then A = -1, and the amplifier is
called unity gain amplifier with 1800 phase
inversion.
CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL GROUND

 We know V0 = A (V+- V-) = A (Vid)


 Gain of the amplifier is of order of 2X105
 Let us take the output voltage V0 = 10V
 V0 =10 = 2X105(Vid)
 Hence, Vid =
 Vid = V+- V- = 0
 V+ =Vi and V- = 0 as it is grounded.
 Hence, V = 0 and point G acts as virtual ground.
THE NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION: OPEN LOOP

 Input signal is applied to non-inverting input terminal.


 The inverting terminal is grounded. i.e. V1= 0.
 Output voltage V0 = AOL(Vid) = AOL(V2 –V1) = AOLV2.
Where AOL is open loop voltage gain which is very high.
 The output is in phase with respect to input.
 As AOL is very high and –Vsat< V0<Vsat,
 Hence V0 oscillates between +Vsat and -Vsat.
 Hence, very small input voltages drives the output to saturation level.
 So, only the small signals of the order of micro volts can only be amplified
accurately without distortion.
 Signals of high amplitudes can be applied by using feedback in the OP-AMP.
THE NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

 Figure shows basic non-inverting amplifier with feedback


resistance Rf . In this mode negative input terminal is grounded
through R1and the signal is applied to the positive terminal.
 Output signal is fed back to the inverting input terminal
through feedback resistance Rf .
 The potential of point G, Vi= V+= V2
 The feedback current is algebraically added point G.
 Voltage across R1 is equal to V2 and Rf is (V0 –V2).
THE NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

 At point G, i1= i2.

 ,
 Output voltage
 Closed loop gain
 A is always positive and greater than one and acts
as positive scaler.
VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

 In this circuit Rf = 1,
 V0 = Vi = V2
 Voltage gain Av = 1.
 Output voltage is equal and in phase with the input
and the OP-AMP circuit acts as a voltage follower.

 It is also called as source follower, isolating


amplifier and buffer amplifier.
ADDER OR SUMMING AMPLIFIER:

 In analog computers OP-AMP circuits are used as summing


amplifier circuit.
 Figure shows three input summing amplifier circuit.
 In the circuit

 If R1=R2=R3=Rand substituting Vi= 0 (Virtual ground)

 If R= 3Rf , the same circuit can be used for averaging and


DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: OPEN LOOP

 A differential amplifier amplifies the difference


between two voltages V1 and V2 applied at both
input terminals.
 Their amplified difference appears at the output
terminal.
 V0 = A(V2-V1)
SUBTRACTOR OR DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
WITH TWO OP-AMPS
SINGLE OP-AMP DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

 It is a combination of inverting and non-inverting


amplifiers.
 To calculate output voltage super position theorem
is applied.
 Vout is equal to sum of the individual responses of
Vin1 and Vin2.
 i.e Vout = Vout1 + Vout2
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: CLOSED LOOP

 Calculation of Vout1:
 as Riis infinitely large, V1 acts as virtual ground and
is equal to zero.
 , but
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: CLOSED LOOP

 Calculation of Vout2:
 as Riis infinitely large, V1 V2 =
 , and substituting V1=V2

 If R2=R1 and R3 = Rf, then


DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: CLOSED LOOP

 Vout = Vout1 + Vout2

 The differential voltage gain


Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEE
E
Applications of OP-AMP

1) Wave form Convertor


2) Oscillator
3) Active Filter
4) Voltage Comparator
5) Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC) & Digital to Analog Convertor (DAC)
6) Integrator
7) Differentiator
8) Voltage follower
9) Adder
10) Subtractor

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