CAD/CAM- NUMERICAL CONTROL

MACHINES

UNIT-III PART-3.1
Presentation outline

•NUMERICAL CONTROL
•N C COMPONENTS
•NC ELEMENTS
•NC MODES
•TYPES
 PROCESSED
MANUFACTURIN PART
G OPERATOR MACHINE UNIT
 NUMERICAL
DATA
(Numbers ,
letters and
symbols. )

NUMERICAL
MANUFACTURIN CONTROLLER
G OPERATOR
Drive Control

PROCESSED
PART

MACHINE UNIT
 A Definition of NC
• Nu me ric a l Co n t ro l is a system in which actions are
controlled by the direct insertion of n u m e r i c a l d a t a
at some point.

• In other words, Programmable automation in which

the mechanical actions of a ‘machine tool’ are controlled
by a
• Itprogram
is defined Method of programmable automation in which
various functions of machine tools are controlled by numbers
, letters and symbols.
Dept of ME ACEM
 Numerical Control (NC)
Programmable automation in which the mechanical actions of a
‘machine tool’ are controlled by a program containing coded
alphanumeric data that represents relative positions between a
work head (e.g., cutting tool) and a work part
Program Machine
Instructions Control Unit

Transformation
Process
Power
In general there are three basic components of an
operational NC (as illustrated in Figure 1):
1. Programme of instruction.
2. A machine control unit.
3. Machine tool.

Machine tool
Control unit
Program of
instruction

Dept of ME ACEM
The program of instruction is a numerical or
symbolic code that is detailed step-by-step to tell the
machine tool what to do.
The controller unit is the unit that reads the
programme of instructions and converts it to real
movement of a machine tool. Two basic types of
control unit are used with NC machines: open-loop
control and closed-loop control.
The machine tool performs the mechanical work
and deals directly with the part being machined.

Dept of ME ACEM
 [Link] of Instructions:
1. The program of instructions is the detailed step - by -
step of operations which are implemented by MCU .
[Link] program is coded in alphanumerical form on an
input medium to the MCU
[Link] input medium is a punched tape or a magnetic
tape . [Link] method are used to program for NC
I. Manual part programming
II. Computer – aided part programming

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 2. Machine Control Unit (MCU)
• NC machine tool has a main unit, which is known as Machine Control
Unit.
• It consists of some electronic hardware that reads theNC programme,
interprets it and conversely translates it for mechanical actions of the
machine tool.
• MCU consists of two parts : Data processing unit (DPU) and
control loops unit (CLU).
• Function of DPU: read & decode the instructions available on the
tape & to provide the decoded data to the control loops unit (CLU).
• Function of (CLU): To control the drives attached to the axes and
receive the feedback signals from machine tool
• CLU also prompts a signal that the previous data segment is
completed and that the DPU can read the next block of the part
program.

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 3 .NC Machine Tool :

•Machine tool is the main components of a numerical control system,

which executes the operations.

•It may consist of worktable, cutting tools, jigs and fixtures, motors for
driving spindle and coolant and lubricating system.

•The latest development in the numerical control machine tool is the

versatile machining center.

•This is a single machine capable of doing a number of operations such

as milling, boring, drilling, reaming, and tapping by Automatic Tool
Changer (ATC) under the control of tool selection instruction.

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 Layout of NC System

Process
Product Planning Manu Script Punched card /
Drawing (Preparation) Punched Tape

Finished Machine Machine

Product Tool control unit
 Layout of NC machine tool
I/P Co-ordinate
Temporary Low Strength
Media Reading NC control
Memory electrical pulse
Program (Processing)
Punched
card / I/P Memory Processin Out put
Punched Reaction Unit g Unit Channel
Tape Unit

Accurate mechanical
Conversion of RM
movements (Spindles
into Component
&Slides)
Machine Driving
Tool Device

Feedback
Machine unit
control unit
Conversion of slide into
movement pulses
 COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Right hand
y z
rule
y

z x
 NC coordinate system :
1.A Cartesian co-ordinate system consist of three axes
positioned at 900 from each other.
[Link] nomenclature of the three main axis (x , y,
z) is based on the right hand rule.
3.(x ,y , z) axes are represented by the thumb ,
index and middle fingers of the right hand.
[Link] right hand rule is used the positive direction
of the co-ordinate axes.
[Link] three rotational axes defined in NC are the
a, b, c axes.
For turning operations:
[Link] axes are normally required to control the movement of
the tool relative to the rotating work piece.
[Link] z- axis is the axis of rotation of the work piece and
the x- axis radial location of the cutting tool.
For Drilling and milling operations:
1. Two axes x and y are defined in the plane of the table and
the z- axes is perpendicular to the plane and the
movement in the z- direction is controlled by the vertical
motion of the spindle.
 NC Coordinate Systems
For flat and prismatic (block-like) parts:
• Milling and drilling operations
• Conventional Cartesian coordinate system
• Rotational axes about each linear axis

For rotational parts:

• Turning operations
• Only x- and z-axes

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Types of CNC machines

Based on Motion Type:

Point-to-Point or Continuous path

Based on Control Loops:

Open loop or Closed loop

Based on Power Supply:

Electric or Hydraulic or Pneumatic

Based on Positioning System

Incremental or Absolute
 [Link] Control / NC MODES
•[Link] motion-control
• The point to point mode is used to move
the cutting tool to a pre-defined position.
• The machine operation is performed at that
position
• Moving at maximum rate from point to point.
• Accuracy of the destination is important but
not
• the path.
• Drilling is a good application.
Dept of ME ACEM
 [Link] cut NC mode:
[Link] this mode the cutting tool is moved parallel to one of the
major axis (x or y or z) at a control rate
[Link] milling is an example of the straight cut NC mode.

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3. Contouring NC control :
[Link] this mode , the tool motion is in more than one axis is
controlled continuously and simultaneously to get desired
shape.
[Link] mode perform 2dimension or 3 dimension
profiles to be contour machined used in milling , turning and
grinding machines.
[Link] the process of machining, the tool contacts the work
piece.
[Link] linear and circular interpolators

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Dept of ME ACEM
 Motion Control Systems
Point-to-Point systems
• Also called position systems
• System moves to a location and performs an operation
at that location (e.g., drilling)
• Also applicable in robotics

Continuous path systems

• Also called contouring systems in machining
• System performs an operation during movement (e.g.,
milling and turning)
Open Loop vs. Closed Loop controls

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 Interpolation Methods
1. Linear interpolation
– Straight line between two points in space
2. Circular interpolation
– Circular arc defined by starting point, end point, center or
radius, and direction
3. Helical interpolation
– Circular plus linear motion
4. Parabolic and cubic interpolation
– Free form curves using higher order equations

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Power Drives
• Electric motor
▫ widely used

▫ small size, ease of control, lowcost

• Hydraulic drive
▫ much larger power/size ratio

• Pneumatic drive
▫ rarely used in NC positioning
Dept of ME ACEM
system
 NC tool positioning methods:
[Link] positioning fixes the reference system and enables the actual
( x , y, z ) coordinates to be specified with respect to a fixed origin.
[Link] positioning: It uses incremental movement that the next
tool location is defined with respect to the previous tool location

Dept of ME ACEM
Absolute vs. Incremental Positioning

Absolute positioning
Move is: x = 40, y = 50

Incremental positioning
Move is: x = 20, y = 30.

Dept of ME ACEM
 NC MACHINE RATING

• Accuracy
• Repeatability
• Spindle and axis motor horsepower
• Number of controlled axes
• Dimension of workspace
• Features of the machine and the
controller.
NC APPLICATIONS:
1. Material removal process:
Turning, drilling, boring, milling and grinding
[Link] and cutting processes:
spot welding ,arc ,laser beam and plasma cutting
[Link] drafting
[Link] of
parts [Link]
riveting [Link]
bending [Link]
cutting
[Link] knitting
(craft) [Link] moulding
process
Injection moulding and
Blow moulding
THANK YOU