Citing Sources: What

are citations and why

should I use them?
• Citation is a way of giving credit when
certain material in your work comes from another
source.
• it
also gives your readers the information necessary
to find that source again.
• it
provides an important roadmap to your research
process.
• Whenever you use sources such as books, journals or
websites in your research, you must give credit to the
original author by citing the source.
 Why do researchers cite?
(1) give credit to the original author of a work
(2) add strength
and authority to your work
(3) place your work in a specific context
(4) leave a trail for other scholars
(5) To promote scholarly writing
Leave a trail for other scholars means to
document the research process and findings in a way
that makes it easy for others to follow and build your
work.

•To promote scholarly writing means to

encourage and support the creation and
dissemination of high- quality academic
research.
•Scholarly writing means
that you are able to exhaustively
use related and existing
ideas,information,concepts or
arguments of an expert and to
properly attribute these to the
original source.
 When should I use a citation?
•A citation should be used when content
that did not originate with you is used to
support your writing.
• Content includes:
• words (quotations, phrases, sayings, etc.)
• thoughts or ideas (summarizations and
paraphrases)
• audio or visual material (photos, videos,
screencaptures, PowerPoint slides, social media
content, audio recordings, etc.)
“Good citations should
reveal your sources, not
conceal them. They
should honestly reflect
the research you
conducted." (Lipson 4)
What does a citation look like?
Different subject disciplines call for
citation information to be written in
very specific order, capitalization, and
punctuation. There are therefore many
different style formats. Three popular
citation formats are MLA Style (for
humanities articles) and APA and
Chicago (for social sciences articles).
 Different Citation Styles:
1. MLA Style- Modern Language Association
2.APA Style- American Psychological Association
3. Chicago Style
4. Turabian Style
5. AMA- American Medical Association Manual of Style
6. IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
 What is MLA Style?
• MLA (Modern Language Association) Style is widely used in
the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature.
MLA style uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that
refer to an alphabetical list of works cited appearing at the end
of the work.
• MLA Style is used most heavily in disciplines that engage deeply
with specific texts, including English, Literatures, Languages and
Philosophy.
• Note: the 9th edition of the MLA Handbook was released in May
2021. Many sites and citation generators may not yet be updated
to reflect changes in this edition.
 MLA Handbook, 7th
edition
• 1. Place the reference list on a new page
separate from the content of your text,
label your list “Works Cited” and align it on
the center at the top of the page. Do not
use boldface, underline,or quotation marks
for the title.
2.For the author, list the entries in alphabetical order by the
author’s last name.
3.Follow the Last Name, First Name format when listing authors
names. If the middle initial is available , place it after the first name.
4.Italicized the titles and capitalize the first letter of each major
word in the title.
5.Do not cut or add to the titles.
6.The lines following the first line in an entry should be indented
from the left margin.
7. The year of publication will be placed right after the publisher’s
name.
8. All entries should be double-spaced, just like the rest of the
paper.
8. For web sources, you opt not to include
the URL of your source. However, if you will
include one, enclose it in brackets and end
it in period.
9. Place the period at the end of all entries.
10. For articles and book sections, provide
the page numbers of sources. Use a hyphen
to indicate the range of pages.Use the
symbol p. for single page and pp.for
multiple pages.
Books:
*Last Name, First name. Title of the Book.
City of Publication: Publisher, Year of
Publication.Page number.Medium of
Publication.
Single Author:
Friedman, Thomas.Hot, Flat and Crowded:
Why We Need a Green Revolution- and
How It can Renew America.NY:
Picador.2009.pp.28- 39.Print.
•
Dryzek, John and Dunleavy, Patrick.Theories
of the Democratic State.NH:
Palgrave
Macmillan.2009.pp.49-63.Print.
Multiple Authors:
Plato, Sterling, et al. Research, Process
and Product Workbook,
Laguna: Trailblazers
Publication.2006.p.50.Print
MLA Style (Print Journal Article):

Whisenant, Warren A. How Women Have

Fared As Interscholastic Athletic
Administrators Since The Passage Of
Title IX. Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-

182.
 MLA Citation Additional Rules:

For two authors- notice in the example the use of

and.
For multiple Authors- name the primary author
followed by et al.(which means and authors)

For sources with no date,just write n.d.

 What is APA Style?
• APA (American Psychological Association) Style is
widely used in the social sciences, business, and
some of the life sciences. APA Style uses brief in-
text citations in the text that refer to an
alphabetical list of references appearing at the
end of the work.
• Disciplines using APA Style include
Business, Communication, Education, and
Psychology.
Forms of
Citation
 1.In-text citations

•In-text citation-requires the

writer to cite the details of the reference
used in a certain part of his/her essay. The
format of in-text citations vary per style.
 Example of In-text
citation (APA Style)
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on
communication in non-internet and internet
relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email
modalities found that the frequency of each
modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength
of the particular relationship. (Cummings et al.,2002)
 2. Reference Citation
Reference citation- refers to the
complete bibliographic entries of
all references used by the writer.
This appears in the reference list
found at the last part of the paper.
These two forms of citations
are dependent on each other.
Once a source is cited in-
text, it should also appear in
the reference list or else it
may be considered as a form
of plagiarism.
 Guidelines in In-text
Citation
1.APA,6th edition (pp.169-179)
Basic Citation Rules
A. Follow the author-the (latest) year of publication
method. Although not required, APA encourages
you to indicate the page numbers even in
paraphrases or summaries. Place the period after
the citation when it is at the end of the sentence.
Example for a work with only one
author.
 Example for a work with two authors,
notice the use of “&” when the citations
are inside the parentheses.
For three to five authors, name all three during
the first citation. Then use the primary author
followed by et.al for subsequent citations.
 Guidelines in Reference Citations
APA 6th Edition

1. Place the reference list on a new page

separate from the text of your writing;
label this page “References” and align it at
the center at the top of the page. Do not
use boldface, underlining, or quotation
marks for the title.
•2. Apply hanging indentation. This
simply means that lines following the
first line in an entry should be indented
from the left margin.
•3. All text should be double-spaced just
like the rest of the paper.
•4.Follow this sequence in writing the
names of the author: Last name, First
name Initial. Middle Initial.
5. Arrange the references in alphabetical
order based on the last names of the
authors.
6. Do not cut or add to the titles.
7. Capitalize only the first letter of the first
word of a title, the first letter of the first
word of its subtitle after a colon, and the
proper nouns.
8. Italicize the titles. When the article title is
used, italicize only the journal-title.
•9. For online sources, make
sure to remove the hyperlink of
the URL.
•10. For print sources, place a
period at the end of the entry.
•11. Put n.d. (no date) for
sources with no date.
 Some of the sources most
commonly used in research writing
APA style (print journal article):
Whisenant, W. A. (2003) How Women
Have Fared as Interscholastic
Athletic Administrators Since the
Passage of Title IX. Sex Roles, 49
(3),
179-182.
 What is Chicago Notes Style?
Chicago is a documentation style that has
been published by the Chicago University Press
since 1906. The Notes style is preferred by
many arts and humanities disciplines,
especially history, as well as some political
science publications. Citations are provided
in footnotes or endnotes and are usually
accompanied by a bibliography.
Chicago style (print journal article):
Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women
Have Fared as Interscholastic
Athletic Administrators Since the
Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles 49,
no. 3 (2003): 179-182.
 What is Chicago Author-Date Style?

• The Author-Date style (sometimes

referred to as the "Reference List" style) is
recommended for the physical, natural,
and social sciences. Sources are cited
using parenthetical in-text citation and
full details are provided in a reference or
works cited list.
"Turabian" style, widely
used for decades by
students, is essentially a
simplified version of the
Chicago Style.
 What Is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism means using someone
else’s work without giving them proper
credit. In academic writing, plagiarizing
involves using words, ideas, or
information from a source, intentionally or
unintentionally without citing it correctly.
Examples of Why is it
plagiarism wrong?

Copying parts It makes it

of a text word
seem like
for word,
without these are
quotation your own
marks.
 Activity #1
Answer what is asked:
____1. It is a way of giving credit when certain material in
your work comes from another source.
____ 2. It means using someone else’s work
without giving them proper credit.
____ 3. What is referred as the complete
bibliographic entries of all references
used by the
writer?
____4.What is meant by MLA?
____ 5. What does APA stands for?
____ 6. It requires the writer to cite the details of the reference
used in a certain part of his/her essay.
____7. What will be the label for your MLA reference citation?
____8. Where will you place the label for your MLA reference
citation?
____ 9.The lines following the first line in an entry should be
____ from the left margin.
____10. For MLA,list the entries in alphabetical order by the
____ name.