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09_Derivatives

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19 views

09_Derivatives

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sondakh.edu2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE CONCEPT OF

DERIVATIVE OF A
FUNCTION
= WEEK 09 =
THE CONCEPT OF AVERAGE RATE OF
CHANGE
• Suppose that the number of citizens in a certain city at
week t is N(t) = 5t2 + 100. Therefore when the t N(t)
observation starts (t = 0) there are 100 citizens in the
city. One week later (t = 1), there are 105 citizens in the 0 100
city, etc.
1 105
• The average rate of change of the number of citizens
between week 1 and week 3 is calculated as: . So, in
average, the number of citizens increases by 20 per 2 120
week. Similarly, the average rate of change of the
number of citizens between week 2 and week 6 is . 3 145

• In general, the average rate of change of N between t1 4 180


and t2 (t1 < t2) is calculated as .
5 225

6 280
WHAT IS THE RATE OF CHANGE OF
THE NUMBER OF CITIZENS IN WEEK
4?
• The question is not about the average rate of change of a function,
but the instantaneous rate of change.
• In calculating the average rate of change, two instants are required,
that is t1 and t2, where t2 = t1 + t for some t > 0. (t is the time
interval between t1 and t2.). In calculating the instantaneous rate of
change, there is only one instant (in week 4). To get the instantaneous
rate of change, the second instant is somewhat “artificial”, that is to
say the second instant is as close as possible to the first, but does not
coincide with the first. Mathematically, t  0 (and t  0).
THE ANSWER TO THE QUESTION ON
SLIDE #3
• N(t) = 5t2 + 100

• N(4+t) = 5(4+t)2 + 100 = 542 + 58t + 5(t)2 + 100 = 40t + 5(t)2 + 180
• N(4) = 542 + 100 = 180
• N(4+t) – N(4) = [40t + 5(t)2 + 180] – 180 = 40t + 5(t)2
• The rate of change of the number of citizens in week 4 is:

• The expression is denoted by N’(4).


• Therefore N’(4) is interpreted as the (instantaneous) rate of change of the number
of citizens in the city. Furthermore, in week 4 the number of citizens is growing “at
speed” 40 persons per week.
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION IN
GENERAL
• The derivative of a function f is f ’ whose value at any number is
defined as follows.
• if this limit exists.
• So the derivative of f at x = a is . If this limit exists, we say that f is
differentiable at x = a.
• If y = f(x) the derivative of f can also be denoted by . The notation was
introduced by Leibniz. So it is the Leibniz notation for derivatives.
THE DERIVATIVE OF A CONSTANT IS
0.
(SEE F1 ON SLIDE #8)
• Proof:
• Let f(x) = c where c is a constant.
• As f(x + h) = c and f(x) = c, it follows that f(x + h) - f(x) = c – c = 0
• (q.e.d.)
• In Leibniz notation:
THE DERIVATIVE OF THE IDENTITY FUNCTION
IS 1.
(SEE F2 ON THE NEXT SLIDE)
• Proof:
• The identity function f maps x to x. Consequently,
• f(x) = x and f(x + h) = x + h
• Hence, f(x + h) – f(x) = (x + h) – x = h.
• (q.e.d.)
• In Leibniz notation:
FORMULAE AND THEOREMS
• F1: ; c is a constant • Theorem 1
• F2: • Let u1 = u1(u), u2 = u2(u), ..., un =
• F3: ; n is a constant un(u) and a1, a2, ..., an are constants.
• F4: ; e is the Euler’s number Then,
• F5: ; a is a constant
and a > 0. • Theorem 2 [Chain Rule]
• F6: ; u > 0 • Let y = v(u) and u = u(x). Then,
• Let u and v be differentiable functions. • Note: in the theorems, all functions
Then, the following holds. are assumed to be differentiable at
• F7: all points where the derivatives are
• F8: evaluated.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS (1)
• Ex. 1: Let y = x5. Find .
• Ans.: [F3]
• Ex. 2: Let y = f(x) = ln x. Find f ’(x) and f ’(2).
• Ans. [F6] . As a consequence,
• Ex. 3: Let y = 5x3 + 2ex – 7 ln x + 12. Find y’.
• Let u1(x) = x3, u2(x) = ex, u3(x) = ln x, u4(x) = 12, a1 = 5, a2 = 2, a3 = -7, a4 = 1. By the formulae F3, F4,
F6, and F1 respectively, , , , and . Applying Theorem 1, we have:
SAMPLE PROBLEMS (2)
• Ex. 4: Let y = f(x) = (ex + 5)3. Find f ‘(x) and the derivative of f at x = 0.
• Ans.
• f must be viewed as v∘u where v(u) = u3 and u(x) = ex + 5.
• We have to find . (Theorem 2)
• By F3, and by F4, F1, Theorem 1, .
• Hence,
• Furthermore,
SAMPLE PROBLEMS (3)
• Ex. 5: Let y = f(x) = ln (5x2 + e2). Find f ‘(x) and the derivative of f at x
= e.
• Ans.
• f must be viewed as v∘u where v(u) = ln u and u(x) = 5x2 + e2.
• We have to find . (Theorem 2)
• By F6, and by F3, F1, Theorem 1, .
• Hence,
• Furthermore, .
SAMPLE PROBLEMS (4)
• Ex. 6: Let y = f(x) = . Find f ‘(x) and the derivative of f at x = 1.
• Ans.
• f must be viewed as v∘u where and u(x) = 3x + x3.
• We have to find . (Theorem 2)
• By F3, and by F5, F3, Theorem 1 .
• Hence, .
• Furthermore, .
SAMPLE PROBLEMS (5)
• Ex. 7: Let y = f(x) = (ex + 3)ln x. Find f ‘(x) and the derivative of f at x =
1.
• Answer
• f must be viewed as uv where u(x) = ex + 3 and v(x) = ln x. We have to
find y’, i.e. (uv)’.
• Then we have u’(x) = ex and v’(x) = 1/x.
• By applying F7 on slide #8, (uv)’ = u’v + uv’ = ex ln x + (ex + 3)/x.
• Therefore, f ‘(x) = ex ln x + (ex + 3)/x.
• Furthermore, f ‘(1) = e1. ln 1 + (e1 + 3)/1 = e + 3.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS (6)
• Ex. 8: Let y = . Find f ‘(x) and the derivative of f at x = 0.
• Ans.
• f must be viewed as where u(x) = x3 and v(x) = ex + 1. We have to find
y’, i.e. .
• Then we have u’(x) = 3x2 and v’(x) = ex.
• By applying F8 on slide #8,

• So, and accordingly .


SAMPLE PROBLEM (7)
• A business manager determines that the cost of producing x units of a
particular commodity is C thousands of dollars, where C(x) = .04x2 + 5.1x + 40.
Find the instantaneous rate of change of cost with respect to production level
when x = 10 units.
• Answer
• We have to find C ’(10).
• Applying F3, F2, F1, and Theorem 1, we have the following.
•.

• So, at production level of 10 units, the cost is increasing at the “speed” of


$5800/unit.

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