Scribd
Upload
13 views

Database Introduction

Uploaded by

Andi Muhammad Abigail Ghalib Athallah Surya Putra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Database Introduction

Uploaded by

Andi Muhammad Abigail Ghalib Athallah Surya Putra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

Chapter 1

Introduction to Databases
Kontrak Kuliah
• Tugas : 60%
• Kuis : 10%
• Ujian : 30%
Agenda

• File-based Systems
• History of Database
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)
File-based Definition

• Program defines and manages it’s own data


Limitations of File-based

• Separation and isolation


• Duplication
• Program & data
dependence
• Fixed queries
• Proliferation of application
programs
History of Database Systems
• First generation (Charles Bachman 1960)
– Hierarchical model
• Information Management System (IMS)
– Network model
• Conference on Data System Languages (CODASYL)
• Data Base Task Group (DBTG)
– Limitation
• Complex program for simple query
• Minimum data indaependence
• No theoretical foundation
• Second generation (Edga Codd, 1970)
– Relational model
• E. R. Codd
• DB2, Oracle
– Limitation
• Limited data modeling
• Third generation
– Object-relational DBMS
– Object-oriented DBMS
Database

• Definition
– A collection of self-describing and integrated
data files
• System catalog
– Meta data
– Data dictionary
– Overhead data
• Data abstraction
Database Management System Facility

• Data definition language (DDL)


• Data manipulation language (DML)
• Structured query language (SQL)
• Security system
• Integrity system
• Concurrency control system
• Backup & recovery system
• View mechanism
Database Management System (DBMS)
• DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
– Collection of interrelated data
– Set of programs to access the data
– An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
• Database Applications:
– Banking: transactions
– Airlines: reservations, schedules
– Universities: registration, grades
– Sales: customers, products, purchases
– Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
– Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
– Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
• Databases can be very large.
• Databases touch all aspects of our lives
University Database Example

• Application program examples


– Add new students, instructors, and courses
– Register students for courses, and generate class
rosters
– Assign grades to students, compute grade point
averages (GPA) and generate transcripts
• In the early days, database applications were
built directly on top of file systems
DBMS Environment
• Hardware
– Client-server architecture
• Software
– dbms, os, network, application
• Data
– Schema, subschema, table, attribute
• People (pengguna langsung (end user) dan tidak langsung
(implementator DB)
– Data administrator & database administrator (pengguna langsung)
– Database designer: logical & physical (pengguna langsung)
– Application programmer
– End-user: naive & sophisticated (pengguna langsung)
• Procedure
– Start, stop, log on, log off, back up, recovery
End-User Category
• Casual end user (user mahir)
• Naïve (parametric end user)
• Sophisticated end user
• Stand alone user
• system analis dan programmer
aplikasi
Advantages of DBMS
• Control redundancy
• Consistency
• Integrity
• Security
• Concurrency control
• Backup & recovery
• Data standard
• More information
• Data sharing & conflict control
• Productivity & accessibility
• Economy of scale
• Maintenance
Limitations of DBMS

• Complexity
• Size
• Cost
– Software
– Hardware
– Conversion
• Performance
• Vulnerability
View of Data
An architecture for a database system
Levels of Abstraction
• Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., instructor) is
stored.
• Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the
relationships among the data.
type instructor = record
ID : string;
name : string;
dept_name : string;
salary : integer;
end;
• View level: application programs hide details of data types.
Views can also hide information (such as an employee’s salary)
for security purposes.
Discussion

Pilih salah satu Database dan


jelaskan konsep level abstraksinya
secara detail.
Buat penjelasan secara kreatif dan
paparkan kembali di depan kelas atau
silakan scan QR berikut untuk
menuliskan penjelasan kalian
Instances and Schemas
• Similar to types and variables in programming languages
• Logical Schema – the overall logical structure of the database
– Example: The database consists of information about a set of customers and
accounts in a bank and the relationship between them
 Analogous to type information of a variable in a program
• Physical schema–
schema the overall physical structure of the database
• Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in
time
– Analogous to the value of a variable
• Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical
schema without changing the logical schema
– Applications depend on the logical schema
– In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be
well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others.
Points to Remember

• File-based Systems
• History of Database
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)
• Level of Data Abstraction

You might also like