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Chapter 1 DBMS (Autosaved)

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sekeriyeaxmed566
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CHAPTER 1

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS


INTRODUCTION

• Good decisions require good information derived from


raw facts
• Data managed most efficiently when stored in a database
• Databases evolved from computer file systems
• Understanding file system characteristics is important
DATA VS. INFORMATION

What is Information?
What is Data?
Information is organized and
Data is a collection of raw, unprocessed processed data that provides
facts or figures, like numbers, text, or context and meaning, enabling
symbols
understanding and decision-making.
INTRODUCING THE DATABASE AND
THE DBMS
Database: A database is an organized collection of
data that is stored and accessed on a computer.
Databases are used to store, manage, and retrieve
information efficiently.
– Metadata: data about data
• Metadata describes the characteristics of data and
the relationships within it.
–• Database management system (DBMS): is
software that allows users to store, manage, and
retrieve data in a structured and organized way.
ROLE AND ADVANTAGES OF THE DBMS

• DBMS is the intermediary between the user


and the database
• Database structure stored as file collection
• Access database through the DBMS
• DBMS enables data to be shared
ROLE AND ADVANTAGES OF THE
DBMS (CONTINUED)

 Advantages of a DBMS:
 Improved data sharing
 Improved data security
 Better data integration
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end-user productivity
TYPES OF DATABASES
Databases can be classified according to:
Number of Users:
 Single-user databases
 Multi-user databases

Database Location:
 Centralized databases
 Distributed databases

Type of Use:
 Operational databases
 Data warehouses
CONTI…
 Single-user database supports only one user at a
time
 Desktop database – single-user, runs on PC
 Multiuser database supports multiple users at the
same time
 Workgroup database supports a small number
 Enterprise database supports a large number
TYPES OF DATABASES
(CONTINUED)
 Centralized database: data located at a single site
 Distributed database: data distributed across several
different sites
 Operational database: supports a company’s day-to-
day operations
 Transactional or production database
 Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical or
strategic decisions
TYPES OF DATABASES
WHY DATABASE DESIGN IS IMPORTANT

• Database design focuses on design of database


structure used for end-user data
– A designer must identify the database expected to use a
well-designed database
– Facilitates data management
– Generates accurate and valuable information
• Poorly designed database:
– Causes difficult-to-trace errors
HISTORICAL ROOTS: FILES AND
FILE SYSTEMS

• Reasons for studying file systems:


– Understanding the problems of traditional file
systems helps avoid similar issues in Database
Management Systems (DBMS), leading to better
data management and integrity.
– Knowledge of file system useful for converting file
system to database system.
HISTORICAL ROOTS: FILES AND
FILE SYSTEMS (CONTINUED)

Manual systems work well for small amounts of data but


become hard to manage with larger collections.
Each file used its own program to store, access, and
change data.
Each file was owned by the department that created it.
PROBLEMS WITH FILE SYSTEM
DATA MANAGEMENT

Data redundancy and inconsistency.


Integrity Problems.
Security Problems
Difficulty in accessing data.
Limited Data Sharing
FIELD DEFINITIONS AND NAMING CONVENTIONS

Storing a customer’s name in one single field can be problematic.


A better approach is to separate the name into different parts.
Each record should have a unique identifier.
DATA REDUNDANCY
Data redundancy in a database is when data is stored multiple times
in different locations within the database.
DATA REDUNDANCY (CONTINUED)

• Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of same


data occur at different places
CONTI..
Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in redundant
data not made correctly
–Insertion anomalies: the inability to insert valid data into
database due to the absence of certain other data is called
insertion anomaly
 Update anomalies : when redundant data is updated, data
inconsistency may occur due to partial update of the data.
This problem is known as update anomaly
– Deletion anomalies: A delete anomaly occurs when deletion
of some information leads to loss of some other valid information
DATABASE
SYSTEMS
• Database system consists of logically related
data stored in a single logical data repository
– May be physically distributed among multiple
storage facilities
• DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
THE DATABASE SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENT
• Database system: defines and regulates the
collection, storage, management, use of data
• Five major parts of a database system:
– Hardware
– Software
– People
– Procedures
– Data
THE DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT (CONTINUED)

• Hardware: all the system’s physical devices


• Software: three types of software required:
– Operating system software
– DBMS software
– Application programs
People: all users of the database system:
– System and database administrators
– Database designers
– Systems analysts and programmers
– End users
THE DATABASE SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
(CONTINUED)

• Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the


design and use of the database system
• Data: the collection of facts stored in the database
• Database systems created and managed at
different levels of complexity
DBMS FUNCTIONS
– DBMS stores definitions of data elements and
relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
– DBMS looks up required data component structures and
relationships
– Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
DBMS FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
• Data storage management
– DBMS creates and manages complex structures
required for data storage
– Also stores related data entry forms, report
definitions, etc.
– DBMS stores the database in multiple physical
data files
DBMS FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
• Data transformation and presentation
– DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required
data structures
–• Security management
– DBMS creates a security system that enforces user
security and data privacy
– Security rules determine which users can access the
database.
DBMS FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)

•Backup and recovery management


– DBMS provides backup and data recovery
to ensure data safety and integrity
– Recovery management deals with recovery
of database after a failure
DBMS FUNCTIONS
(CONTINUED)
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces
– DBMS provides access through a query language
– Query language: is a specialized language used to
make requests for information from a database. It allows
users to interact with the database by retrieving, inserting,
updating, or deleting data.
DISADVANTAGES OF
DATABASE SYSTEMS:
Disadvantages of database systems:
– Increased costs
– Management complexity
– Maintaining currency
– Vendor dependence
The end

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