PROGRAMMING

TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 5(PART 2)
LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this lesson, students will

be able to:
 Understand the different types of planning
techniques.
 Understand the network analysis.
 Formulate a network diagram.
Planning Techniques
Used in Construction
 Bar Chart
 Line of Balance
 Time Grid Diagram
 Network Techniques
 CPM (Critical Path Method)
 Precedence Diagram
 PERT (Programme Evaluation & Review
Technique)
 BAR CHARTS

Who
1. In 1917, Henry L.Gantt invented a
invented
chart for scheduling.
bar chart?

1. A graphical representation of planned

What is construction activities, the estimated activity
bar chart? duration and the planned sequence of activity
performance

1. It simple, ease of preparation

Why use and easy to read in graphical
bar chart? format.
 BAR CHARTS-EXAMPLE

ACTIVITY WORKDAYS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Site clearing
Dig trench
Assemble
pipe
Install pipe
backfill
Planning Techniques
Used in Construction
 Bar chart weaknesses:
 Does not show relationships between project
activities
 Does not identify activities which control a
project's total duration (i.e., critical activities
comprising critical path)
 Does not relate delay or change of one activity to
the entire project
Planning Techniques
Used in Construction
 Network planning methods remedy bar chart
weaknesses:

 CPM - developed in late 1950s by industry to schedule

maintenance & construction work utilizing computers

 PERT - Programme Evaluation & Review Technique -

developed in late 1950s by U.S. Navy to support the Polaris
missile weapons system acquisition

 CPM & PERT have much in common with PERT being

somewhat more sophisticated with the use of probability
concepts to deal with uncertain activity durations. CPM uses
a single fixed duration for each activity
Choice of Scheduling
Method
 Factors that governed the choice of factors are
as follows:
 Familiarity on the technique to be used
 Acceptable by parties involved.
 Type and size of project
 Projectwith few but repetitive task-Line
of Balance
 Med to large project with numerous task-
CPM or Precedence
 Small project-Bar chart
 Purpose of scheduling
Network Analysis

 Net work analysis is a method of project

planning done on activities so that it is
connected to each other. This network is used
to optimised the usage of resources and also for
monitoring and controlling.
 The purpose is to ascertain the critical path for
a certain project.
Network Analysis
 Type of network analysis
 CPM - AOA
 Precedence Diagram - AON
 PERT
 Techniques
 Activity on arrow (CPM)
 Arrow represents activity
 Activities are represented by arrows whereas the start or
end of each activity is represented by a node.
 One of the main drawbacks of this technique is the existence
of dummy activities, which might complicate the network
and cause some confusion.
 Activity on node (Precedence Diagram)
 Node represents activity
 Network Analysis
CPM-AOA PRECEDENCE-AON
• Show Finish to start relationships. • AON does not have dummy activities as the
• It is not possible to show lead or lag time. This arrows represents only dependencies.
makes project tracking difficult. • AON can accommodate any types of relationship
• There are instances where "dummy activities" ( Finish to Start, Finish to Finish, Start to Start,
can occur in AOA diagram. AOA networks are Start to finish, Lead and Lag)
not supported by many software tools , thus it is • AON is widely as it is supported by almost all
not widely used. the project management software tools
Steps in building a
network model
 Define activities
 Order activities
 Draw a network diagram
 Assign durations to activities
 Assign resources and cost
 Calculate early and late start/ finish times.
 Schedule activity start/ finish times.
Project Task or Activity
 An activity or task is a single work step that has a
recognisable beginning and end and requires time and
resources for its accomplishment.
Logical Relationship of
Project Activities
 Very important for a planner to understand the
order of how the job to be accomplished in the
field.
 Should understand how various activities of the
project related to each other in term of their
logical sequence.
Logical Relationship of
Project Activities
 Example of logical relationships:
 Start of the cut & fill activity can only be
accomplished upon the completion of the activity
‘strip top soil’.

Strip top soil Cut and Fill

Logical Relationship of
Project Activities
 ‘Formwork’ and ‘Rebar’ activity must be
accomplished before the start of activity ‘Pour
concrete’.

Form
w or
k
Pour
concrete
r
ba
re
ed
x
Fi
Developing an arrow
diagram network
 Activity Relationship
 Arrows should always be drawn showing progress
from left to right.
 Basic types of relationship found in a network:
 One on one relationship between 2 activities.

Activity B
Activity G
Hang wallpaper
Install mirror
on wall
Many on one relationship among several
activities.

it yF
c tiv l i ght
A i ty
a n
Activity B
ta ll v
Ins Activity G
Hang wallpaper
on wall Install mirror

Ac
tiv
Ins ity
ta l H
co l du
ve
r p plex
la t
e
 One on many relationship among several
activities.

Ins Ac
tiv
ta l ity
lw A
al l
plu
mb
ing
Activity B Activity G
Route electrical Install plasterboard
wiring in walls

it yC
c tiv ti o n
A l a
i n su
ta l l
Ins
 Many on many relationship among several
activities.
Ac
tiv it yF
Ins ity c tiv t i on
t al l A A
sula
roo
fin t a ll in
g Ins
Activity B Activity G

Install siding Install floor

covering
Ac
y C tiv
t Ins
t ivi w s& ta ity
Ac d o rs ll d H
n ce r
l l wi doo i l i n o o pe
s ta r i o r g d
In xte
e
 CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM)

1. A project scheduling method where

What is activities are arranged based on
CPM? interrelationships and the longest time path
through the network.

a) Reduce the risk of overlooking essential task and

provides a blueprint for long-range planning and
Advantage coordination of the project.
of CPM? b) Identify critical tasks
c) Easier to plan, schedule and control project
d) Determine the resource required
e) Improve productivity

Disadvantage a) Difficult to understand for beginner.

of CPM b) Computer software can be used but expensive.
Dummies
 The relationship that exist among activities cannot always be
shown as simply as those demonstrated in the previous
slides.
 Therefore it is necessary to include in the diagram a ‘pseudo
activity’ called a dummy.
 Dummy is usually drawn as a dotted line but assigned no
duration.
 Most dummies are required for unique activity designation
and to maintain proper logic of various construction
activities.
For Example:

Activity Precedence Duration

A - 2
B A 1
C - 3
D B, C 3
E C 2
Formulating a Network Diagram

 Form an activity network for a seven-activity network with

the following precedence :

Activity Predecessors
A ---
B ---
C A,B
D C
E C
F D
G D,E
Solve this problem

Activity Depends Activity Depends

On On
A - F B,C
B A G C,D
C A H E
D A I E,F
E B J G,H,I
Solve this problem

Activity Depends Activity Depends

On On
A - H B,C,E
B A I F,G
C A J B
D A K H,I
E D L H
F D M J,K,L,
G D N M
CPM Example:
32
 CPM Network
f, 15

g, 17 h, 9
a, 6
i, 6

b, 8

d, 13 j, 12

c, 5
e, 9
CPM
CPM Example
Example
33
 LS and LF Times f, 15

darla/smbs/vit
6 21
h, 9
18 24
21 30
a, 6 g, 17
24 33
0 6 6 23 i, 6

4 10 10 27 23 29
b, 8 27 33

0 8 d, 13 j, 12
0 8 8 21
21 33
c, 5 8 21
21 33
0 5 e, 9
7 12 5 14
12 21
CPM
CPM Example
Example
 34
Float
f, 15

darla/smbs/vit
6 21
3 h, 9
9 24
21 30
a, 6 g, 17 3
24 33
0 6 6 23 i, 6
3 4
3 9 10 27 23 29
4
b, 8 27 33

0 8 d, 13 j, 12
0
0 8 8 21 21 33
0 0
c, 5 8 21 21 33
0 5 e, 9
7
7 12 5 14
7
12 21