Presented to: Muhammad Arif

AICT
Group 5
Presented by:
Hafsa Ansar
Reehab Hassan
Anmol Ihsan
Haseeb Sabir
Abdul Sami
 Table of contents
Types of operating
1 Data Organization 3 system
• Batch Operating System
• Introduction • Time-Sharing Operating System
• Types of Data Structures • Multi-Tasking Operating System
• Database Management System • Network Operating System
• Memory Organization • Real-Time Operating System
• File Organization
Memory
4

Desktop
2 operating system
• Management
Introduction
• Memory Allocation & Storage • Introduction
System • Popular Desktop Operating
• Memory Management Systems
Strategies • Key Features
• Virtual Memory • Characteristics of Desktop OS
• Memory Hierarchy • Advantage of Desktop
Operating Systems
Data
Organization
Introduction
Data organization is a process of organizing raw data, by classifying
them into different categories. This raw data includes the observations of
variables. For example, arranging the marks obtained by students in
different subjects is data organization.

Purpose of Data Organization:

There are a lot of benefits to organizing data .
● Improved Data Retrieval
● Efficient Storage
● Data Consistency
● Data Integrity
● Ease of Access
 Types of Data Structures

Linear Non-linear
In linear data structures the
Elements in non-linear data
elements are arranged in
structures are not in any
sequence one after the
sequence they are arranged in
other. a hierarchical manner
 Linear Data Structure
Array Data Structure Queue Data Structure

In an array, The queue data structure

elements are works in the FIFO principle
arranged in where first element stored
continuous memory. will be removed first.

Stack Data Structure Linked List Data Structure

In stack data structure elements In a linked list data

are stored in LIOF principle structure, data elements
are connected through a
that is the last element stored
series of nodes.
in the stack will be removed
first
 Non-linear Data Structures

Graph Data Structure

Trees Data Structure
In graph data structure, each
node is called vertex and each In Tree data structure, there
vertex is connected to other can only be one edge
vertices through edges. between two vertices.
Memory Organization
small, high-speed storage location within
the CPU used to store temporary data.

Small, fast memory that stores frequently

used data and instructions.

primary storage that stores data and

programs that are currently in use.

A magnetic disk is a storage

medium that uses magnetism to
read & write data.
An optical disk uses laser
technology to read and write
data.
 File Organization
File organization refers to the way data is stored in
a file. File organization is very important because it
determines the methods of access, efficiency,
flexibility and storage devices to use.
This include

● Sequential file organization

● Random or direct file organization
● Serial file organization
● Indexed-sequential file organization
 Methods of File Organization

Random Serial file Indexed

Sequential
sequential
Index is used
Records are Records are
stored and Records in a to enable the
accessed in a
stored file are stored computer to
particular order randomly but and accessed locate
sorted using a accessed one after individual
key field. directly. another. records.
Database Management system
Database Management System (DBMS) is a collection of interrelated data and a set
of software tools/programs that access, process, and manipulate data. It allows
access, retrieval, and use of that data by considering appropriate security
measures. The Database Management system (DBMS) is really useful for better
data integration and security.

Advantages of Database Management System

The advantages of database management systems are:

● Data Security
● Data integration
● Data abstraction
● Reduction in data Redundancy
● Data consistency and accuracy
● Scalability and flexibility
● Concurrency and maintained Atomicity
● Efficient data access and retrieval
 Memory
Management
 Introduction
Memory is the important part of the computer
that is used to store the data. Its management
is critical to the computer system because the
amount of main memory available in a
computer system is very limited. At any time,
many processes are competing for it.
Moreover, to increase performance, several
processes are executed simultaneously. For
this, we must keep several processes in the
main memory, so it is even more important to
manage them effectively.
 Memory Allocation

Memory allocation is the process of reserving virtual or physical computer space for a
specific purpose (e.g., for computer programs and services to run). Memory
allocation is part of the management of computer memory resources, known as
memory management.
Types of memory allocation
Dynamic memory
Static memory allocation allocation
Programs and services are
allocated memory at compile Programs and services are
time. Compile time refers to allocated memory at run time or
the period when the execution time. Dynamic memory
programming code is allocation allows computers to
converted to machine code use memory space more
for the computer to efficiently.
understand.
 Storage Devices
The storage unit is a part of the computer system which is
employed to store the information and instructions to be
processed. A storage device is an integral part of the computer
hardware which stores information/data to process the result of
any computational work.

Types of Computer Memory

• Primary Memory

• Secondary Memory

• Tertiary Memory
 Types of Computer Memory

Secondary
Primary Memory Tertiary Memory
Memory
This is a section of the
CPU that holds program It is mainly used for the Tertiary Memory is a type of
instructions, input data, permanent and long-term Memory that is rarely used in
and intermediate storage of programs and personal computers.
results. data.
 Types of Computer Storage Devices

Primary Storage Devices Cloud and Virtual

Storage
It is used to store
information that is used Saturn is composed
immediately or we can mostly of hydrogen
say that it is a and also of helium
temporary memory.
Optical Storage
Magnetic Storage Devices Flash Memory Devices Devices
Magnetic storage uses
different patterns It is a cheaper and Optical storage is any
of magnetization to store more portable storage storage type in which
data and is a form of non- device. data is written and read
volatile memory. with a laser.
 Memory Management Strategies
Paging Swapping
Segmentation
Paging divides Swapping moves a
Segmentation process between
memory into fixed- divides memory
size pages memory and disk to
into variable-sized free up space
sections

Fragmentation Caching Garbage Collection

Fragmentation happens
when memory is broken Caching stores Garbage collection
frequently accessed automatically frees unused
into small, non-
data in fast memory memory to prevent leaks &
contiguous block. ensure efficiency.
to speed up retrieval.
 Virtual Memory
Virtual memory is a memory management technique used by operating systems
to give the appearance of a large, continuous block of memory to applications,
even if the physical memory (RAM) is limited. It allows the system to
compensate for physical memory shortages, enabling larger applications to run
on systems with less RAM.
A memory hierarchy, consisting of a computer system’s memory and a disk,
enables a process to operate with only some portions of its address space in
memory. A virtual memory is what its name indicates- it is an illusion of a
memory that is larger than the real memory. We refer to the software
component of virtual memory as a virtual memory manager.
 Memory Hierarchy

In computer architecture the memory hierarchy separates computer storage

into a hierarchy based on response time. Since response time, complexity
and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by
their performance and controlling technologies.

Types of Memory Hierarchy

External Memory or Secondary Memory: Comprising of Magnetic Disk, Optical

Disk, and Magnetic Tape

Internal Memory or Primary Memory: Comprising of Main Memory, Cache

Memory & CPU registers.
 Levels of Memory
• Registers Hierarchy
are small, high-speed memory units located in the
CPU. They are used to store the most frequently used data
and instructions.
• Cache memory is a small, fast memory located near the
CPU that stores frequently accessed data and instructions.

• Main memory (RAM) is the primary, larger, but slower memory

that stores data and instructions actively used by the CPU.

• Magnetic disks are fast, circular storage plates made

of metal or plastic, commonly used for data storage
in computers.
• Magnetic tape is a plastic-coated magnetic storage
medium used for data backup, with slower access
times.
Operating
System
 Operating System
An Operating System is the interface between the
computer hardware and the end-user. Processing of data,
running applications, file management and handling the
memory is all managed by the computer OS. Windows,
Mac, Android etc. Are examples of Operating systems
which are generally used nowadays.
 Batch Operating system
Batch operating system does not interact
with the computer directly. There is an
operator which takes similar jobs having
the same requirements and groups them
into batches. It is the responsibility of the
operator to sort jobs with similar
needs. Batch Operating System is
designed to manage and execute a large
number of jobs efficiently by processing
them in groups.
 Time-Sharing Operating Systems
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of the CPU as they use a
single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking
Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users
also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next
task.
Multi-Tasking Operating System
Multi-Tasking Operating System is simply a multiprogramming
Operating System with having facility of a Round-Robin Scheduling
Algorithm. It can run multiple programs simultaneously.
There are two types of Multi-Tasking Systems which are listed below.
• Preemptive Multi-Tasking
• Cooperative Multi-Tasking
15%
35%
 Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide

the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other
networking functions. These types of
operating systems allow shared access to
files, printers, security, applications, and
other networking functions over a small
private network. One more important
aspect is that all the users are well aware
of the underlying configuration, of all other
users within the network and their
individual connections
 Real-Time Operating System
A real-time operating system is a software system that manages
tasks and processes data in real-time computing
applications. RTOSs are designed to meet strict time constraints
and respond to events and tasks in a timely manner. They are
often used in mission-critical applications, such as industrial
systems.
Types of Real-Time Operating Systems
• Hard Real-Time Systems
• Soft Real-Time Systems
Desktop Operating System
 Introduction
A Desktop Operating System (OS) is software designed to
manage computer hardware and provide a user-friendly
interface for personal computer users. It facilitates tasks such as
running applications, managing files, and connecting to the
internet. Desktop OS typically includes a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with the system
through icons, windows, and menus. Common examples of
desktop OS include Windows, macOS, and Linux. These systems
are optimized for individual users, offering multitasking, file
management, and hardware support.
 Popular Desktop Operating
Mac OS Systems Ubuntu
Ubuntu is a user-friendly Linux
Apple's desktop operating
distro known for simplicity and
system known for its sleek
strong community support.
design.

2 4
1 3 5

Microsoft Linux Chrome OS

Windows Chrome OS is a fast, cloud-
Most widely used Linux is an open-
based operating system by
desktop OS, known source, flexible, and
Google.
for its user-friendly secure operating
interface. system.
Key Features
● Memory Management
● Processor Management
● Device Management
● File Management
● I/O Management
● Booting the Computer
● Security
● Control Over System Performance
 Characteristics of Desktop OS

• Multitasking
• Multiprogramming
• Concurrency
• Memory Management
• Device Management
• Portability
• Real-Time Processing
• Virtualization Support
 Advantages of Desktop OS
● User-Friendly Interface

A user-friendly interface refers to a design that is easy for

users to understand and interact with even if they have
little technical knowledge. In desktop operating system, this
Is typically represented by (GUI) where users can interact
with icons, windows, menus, and buttons instead of typing
complex commands.
• Multi-tasking
Multi-tasking in a desktop operating
system refers to the ability to run multiple
applications or processes simultaneously. It
allows users to switch between programs,
perform several tasks at once, and
improve productivity.
There are two types of multitasking:
preemptive where the OS allocates CPU time
to different tasks
cooperative where each task voluntarily
gives up control of the CPU.
• Hardware support • Software
In a desktop operating system Compatibility
refers to the system's ability to In a desktop operating system
recognize and work with various refers to the OS’s ability to support
and run a wide range of software
hardware devices. . A desktop
applications across various
OS includes drivers and utilities categories. A compatible OS
that allow seamless integration ensures smooth installation and
and communication between operation of third-party
the operating system and applications, with systems like
Windows and macOS supporting
hardware components, ensuring
both proprietary and open-source
that devices function properly. software.
 • Networking
Networking Capabilities
capabilities in a desktop operating
system refer to its ability to connect to and
communicate over local networks or the internet.
This includes features like file sharing, internet
browsing, remote access, and supporting various
networking protocols. These capabilities enable
users to share resources, access networked devices,
and connect to online services, enhancing
productivity and connectivity.
• Security Features
Security features in a desktop operating
system are designed to protect the system
and user data from unauthorized access,
malware, and other threats. These include
built-in firewalls, antivirus software,
encryption tools, user account controls, and
regular
security updates. These features help
safeguard sensitive information, maintain
system integrity, and ensure safe online
browsing and application usage.
 References
 https://byjus.com/maths/data-organization/
 https://www.programiz.com/dsa/data-structure-types
 https://peda.net/kenya/css/subjects/computer-studies/form-three/driac2/data-processing/fom
 https://www.javatpoint.com/memory-management-operating-system
 https://nordvpn.com/cybersecurity/glossary/memoryallocation/#:~:text=Memory%20allocation%20is
%20the%20process,resources%2C%20known%20as%20memory%20management.
 https://er.yuvayana.org/memory-management-strategies/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy
 https://byjus.com/govt-exams/operating-system-introduction/
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-operating-systems/
 https://www.phoenix.edu/blog/top-operating-systems.html
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/functions-of-operating-system/
 https://herovired.com/learning-hub/topics/characteristics-of-operating-system/
 https://www.scaler.com/topics/advantages-of-operating-system/
 Thank you

Any Question