SANJIVANI RURAL EDUCATION SOCIETY,

SANJIVANI UNIVERSITY,KOPARGAON
DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE
LEARNING

SEMINAR-1

A Project Presentation on

Line Follower Robot

Group Member
1. Kakade Payal (2124UMLF2066)
2. Kapse Sakshi (2124UMLF2040)
3. Kotkar Piyush (2124UMLM2012)
4. Adhav Harshal (2124UMLM2055)
01 Introduction

02 Problem statement

03 Model

04 Literature survey

05 System requirement

06 Scope

07 Future work

08 Conclusion
 Introduction

An autonomous robot designed to follow a visible line on the ground, typically a

black line on a white surface or a white line on a dark surface. The robot uses
sensors, often infrared, to detect the line. A microcontroller processes the sensor
data and makes decisions to adjust the robot's direction, allowing it to stay on
course.

Example

1.Educational settings: Line follower robots are popular as a way to teach students
the principles of robotics, electronics, and programming. Learners gain hands-on
experience with sensors, control systems, and motor functions.
2.Industry applications: In automated warehouses, they can transport items along
predetermined routes, improving efficiency and reducing the need for human labor.
- In manufacturing plants, they can move parts between stations on a production
line.
 Problem Statement
The project aims to design an autonomous line-following robot to
navigate turns and intersections, offering a cost-effective and efficient
alternative to human-driven carts or railway systems for transporting
goods in industries.
Model
 Literature survey
•Title: Line Follower Robot Navigating Lines: A Smart Robot’s Journey

•Authors: Prof. Renuka Kajale (Assistant Professor, PCET NMIET-Project Guide), Kanchan Digambar
Patkar, Kaushal Pawar, Alok Ranjan Singh

•Published Year: June 2023

•Methodology:
1.Research and selection of components like SmartElex RLS 6 line sensor and DRV8833 motor driver.
2.Designing and constructing the robot's chassis.
3.Integrating the components, including sensors and motor drivers.
4.Developing control software for line detection and motor control.
5.Testing and optimizing the robot's performance.
6.Demonstrating the robot following a black line with high accuracy.

•Findings: The robot, controlled by an Arduino Nano board, was able to accurately follow a black line on a
white surface with improved accuracy and efficiency at a low cost.

•Objectives: The project aimed to develop a low-cost, efficient, and accurate line follower robot for
navigating a predefined path.
•Title: Design and Implementation of Line Follower Arduino Mobile Robot Using Matlab Simulink
Toolbox

•Authors: Mazin Majid Abdulnabi Alwan, Anwar Abdulrazzaq Green, Abdulazez Safaa Noori,
Ammar A. Aldair

•Publish Year: 2021

•Methodology:
1. The paper uses a simulation-based approach, utilizing the Matlab Simulink toolbox to design a
line follower robot.
2. The robot's motion is simulated using the Robot Simulator programmed in Matlab. A PID
controller, optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, is implemented.
3. Five infrared sensors are used to detect the robot's position on the path, and the performance of
both simulated and real robots is compared.

•Findings: The simulation and practical results show that the mobile robot was able to successfully
follow a complex path with stability and accuracy. The PSO-tuned PID controller performed well in
guiding the robot along the trajectory, and the hardware results closely matched the simulations.

•Objective: The study aimed to design a line follower mobile robot with a precise PID controller to
track complex paths efficiently. It also sought to validate the performance of the simulated robot with
a real-world implementation using Arduino Mobile Robot​.
Title: Line Follower Using Arduino And Its Applications
​Authors: Md Younus, Pooja Gadekar, Adhiraj Walse.
Published Year: 2019​
Methodology:
1. The robot uses Arduino Uno (ATmega328 microcontroller), infrared sensors, and motor driver ICs
to follow a line.
2. The system is powered by a DC supply, and sensors detect the path based on the reflection of light
from the surface.
3. The design also includes components like an LCD display, flags for detection, and a buzzer for slot
availability indication​.
Findings: The robot successfully follows a specified path and performs multiple tasks, including
detecting parking slots and managing valet parking operations. The system was able to address issues of
unauthorized parking and optimize parking space utilization through object detection and automated slot
identification
Objectives: The main objective of the paper is to develop a line-following robot using infrared sensors
to navigate a black line on a white surface. The robot is designed to cover the maximum area of space
provided and includes additional functionalities like automatic valet parking​.
• Title: An Ultrasonic Line Follower Robot to Detect Obstacles and Edges for Industrial and Rescue
Operations.
• Authors: Vicky Barua, Md. Arif Istiek Neloy, Shahid Uddin Rahat, Mithun Das, Md. Shafiul Islam Joy,
Nazmun Nahar, Abhijit Pathak​.
• Publish year: 2020
• Methodology:
1. The prototype was built using components like Arduino Uno R3, motor shield, IR sensors, and ultrasonic
sensors.
2. It detects lines via IR sensors and obstacles/edges using ultrasonic sensors. The movement is fully
automated, with the robot stopping when obstacles or edges are detected.
3. The methodology includes designing hardware, implementing algorithms, and programming the robot to
navigate autonomously​.

• Findings: The robot successfully detects obstacles and edges, stopping as needed, thereby reducing the risk
of damage or malfunction. It has potential applications in restaurants, hospitals, and factories for automating
transport and reducing human involvement in hazardous environments​.
• Objective: The main goal of this study is to design and develop a line-following robot capable of detecting
obstacles and edges using ultrasonic frequencies. This prototype aims to overcome the limitations of
conventional line-following robots by ensuring that it stops when encountering obstacles or edges, preventing
potential damage. The robot has applications in industrial tasks such as material handling and rescue
operations​.
System requirement
Hardware Requirements—
1.Arduino
2.Sensors
3.IR Sensors
4.Proximity Sensors
5.DC Motors
6.Motor Driver
7.Chassis
8.Power Supply
9.Wheels
10.Connecting Wires and Breadboard
11.Switches
System requirement
Software Requirements –
1.Programming Environment:- Arduino IDE is used to write and
upload code if you are using an Arduino board. If using Raspberry
Pi or ESP32, you can use Python or C++ to program it.
2.Libraries:- Special motor control libraries help control the
motors and sensor libraries help in reading the sensor data.
3.Algorithm and Code:- The robot uses a simple decision-making
code, often called a PID controller to adjust its movement based on
the line it follows.
 Scope
1)Educational Tool: The robot serves as a practical platform for teaching
students about robotics, programming, and control systems, fostering
hands-on learning experiences.
2)Industrial Automation: Line follower robots can be implemented in
manufacturing and warehousing to transport materials along predefined
paths, improving efficiency and reducing labor costs.
3)Industrial Automation: Line follower robots can be implemented in
manufacturing and warehousing to transport materials along predefined
paths, improving efficiency and reducing labor costs.
4)Hospital Logistics: Line follower robots can be used for transporting
medical supplies, medications, or documents within hospital premises,
enhancing efficiency, reducing human workload, and minimizing the risk
of cross-contamination.
5)Hospital Logistics: Line follower robots can be used for transporting
medical supplies, medications, or documents within hospital premises,
enhancing efficiency, reducing human workload, and minimizing the risk
of cross-contamination.
 Future work
1. Education
• Enhanced Learning Tools: Develop line follower robots as educational kits that help
students understand robotics, programming, and sensor
technology.
• Competitions and Challenges: Create platforms for students to participate in line-
following competitions, fostering engagement and innovation in robotics.
2. Industry
• Automation in Manufacturing: Implement line follower robots for moving materials
and products efficiently on assembly lines, reducing human labor and increasing
productivity.
• Customization for Specific Tasks: Design robots tailored for particular manufacturing
processes, improving versatility in various production environments.
3. Hospital
• Medication and Supply Delivery: Use line follower robots to autonomously transport
medications, supplies, and documents within hospitals, improving efficiency and
reducing human error.
• Patient Monitoring: Develop robots that can follow designated paths to monitor patients
or deliver food and essentials to rooms, enhancing patient care.
 Conclusion
In conclusion, a line follower robot represents a fundamental yet
significant application of robotics, offering practical insights into
autonomous navigation and control systems. Through the use of sensors
to detect and follow a path, it demonstrates the integration of mechanical,
electronic, and programming components to achieve a specific task.
This technology is widely applicable in industries for tasks like
material handling and transportation, as well as in educational settings to
teach the principles of robotics. The development of a line follower robot
showcases the potential for scalable automation solutions while also
serving as a foundation for more complex robotic systems.
 References

• https://nevonprojects.com/
• https://ijireeice.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/IJI
REEICE.2021.9542.pdf
• https://www.ripublication.com/ijaerspl2019/ijaerv14
n13spl_21.pdf
THANK YOU