Class of Computer Vision

CHAPTER 2
Digital Image
Fundamentals
3 Periods

Department of Mechatronics

EIU - 2017
N.Huan Le
 Chapter outcomes
• Image Sensing and Acquisition issues
• The way to present a digit image
• How zooming and shrinking affect to resolution of
image
• Relationships between pixels

N.Huan Le
 Contents
• This lecture will cover:
– The human visual system
– Light and the electromagnetic spectrum
– Image representation
– Image sensing and acquisition
– Sampling, quantisation and resolution
– Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels

N.Huan Le
 Elements of Visual
Perception
From Prof. Hwang, SKKU

N.Huan Le
From Prof. Hwang, SKKU

Illustration of fundamental parameters of an imaging

system
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 Brightness Adaptation and
Discrimination
Example: Simultaneous
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Contrast

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 Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
Examples for Human Perception
Phenomena
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

N.Huan Le
 Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Light and the

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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 Light and the Electromagnetic
Spectrum

• The spectrum is arranged in order of wavelength,

divided into segments identified as
 Violet (380-450nm),
 Blue (450-490 nm),
 Green (490-560nm),
 Yellow (560-590nm),
 Orange (590-630), and
 Red (630-780)
From Prof. Hwang, SKKU

N.Huan Le
 Light: Reflection, Diffusion,
Absorption

• The colours that we perceive are determined by

the nature of the light reflected from an object
• For example, if white
light is shone onto a
green object most
wavelengths are Wh
ite L
absorbed, while green ight

Colours
light is reflected from Absorbed

the object reen

Light
G
From Prof. Hwang, SKKU

N.Huan Le
 Light: Reflection, Diffusion,
Absorption
• Scattering, or diffusion, is another aspect of
reflection. When a substance contains particles of
a different refractive index, a light beam striking
the substance will be scattered
From Prof. Hwang, SKKU

N.Huan Le
 Light: Reflection, Diffusion,
Absorption

• Some or all of the light may be absorbed

depending on the pigmentation of the object
From Prof. Hwang, SKKU

N.Huan Le
 Image Sensing and Acquisition

• Nowadays most visible and near IR electromagnetic

imaging is done with 2-dimensional charged-
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

coupled devices (CCDs).

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 A Simple Image Formation Model

• Binary images: images having only two possible

brightness levels (black and white)
• Gray scale images: “black and white” images
• Color images: can be described mathematically as
three gray scale images
• For digital images the minimum gray level is usually
0, but the maximum depends on number of
quantization levels used to digitize an image. The
most common is 256 levels, so that the maximum
level is 255.

N.Huan Le
 Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Sampling and Quantization

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

• Sampling: digitizing the 2-dimensional spatial

coordinate values
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

• Quantization: digitizing the amplitude values

(brightness level)

N.Huan Le
 Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Representing Digital Images

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 Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Spatial Resolution
Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution

N.Huan Le
 Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Spatial Resolution by Re-sampling

N.Huan Le
 Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

64
256

32
128
16

4
Gray-Level Resolution

2
N.Huan Le
 How to Decide Spatial and Gray-
Level Resolution?
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

• Figure 2.22 (a): The woman’s face; Image with low level of detail.
• Figure 2.22 (b): The cameraman; Image with medium level of
detail.
• Figure 2.22 (c): The crowd picture; Image with a relatively large
amount of detail.

N.Huan Le
 Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels

• Neighbors of a pixel
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

– There are three kinds of neighbors of a pixel:

• N4(p) 4-neighbors: the set of horizontal and vertical
neighbors
• ND(p) diagonal neighbors: the set of 4 diagonal neighbors
• N8(p) 8-neighbors: union of 4-neighbors and diagonal
neighbors

O O O O O O
O X O X O X O
O O O O O O

N.Huan Le
 Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels
• Path:
– The length of the path
– Closed path
• Connectivity in a subset S of an image
– Two pixels are connected if there is a path between
them that lies completely within S.
• Connected component of S:
– The set of all pixels in S that are connected to a given
pixel in S.
• Region of an image
• Boundary, border or contour of a region
• Edge: a path of one or more pixels that separate
two regions of significantly different gray levels.
N.Huan Le
 Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels

• Distance measures
– Distance function: a function of two points, p
and q, in space that satisfies three criteria
(a ) D( p, q ) 0
(b) D( p, q ) D(q, p ), and
(c ) D ( p , z )  D ( p , q )  D ( q , z )

– The Euclidean distance De(p, q)

De ( p, q )  ( x  s ) 2  ( y  t ) 2
– The city-block (Manhattan) distance D4(p, q)
D4 ( p, q ) | x  s |  | y  t |

– The chessboard distance D8(p, q)

D8 ( p, q ) max(| x  s |, | y  t |)
N.Huan Le
N.Huan Le