Personal Safety & Social Responsibility

(PSSR) Revised Standards as per A-VI/1-4 of

STCW 2010
Pollution of the sea occurs
mainly due to uncontrolled
release of oil, sewage,
garbage and chemicals,
both from the ships and
land.

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1. Define the term pollution
2. Describe the industries dependent on
the marine environment
3. Explain how marine pollution results in
an economic loss to these industries
4. Basic knowledge of complexity and
diversity of the marine environment
5. Describe the overall contribution and
effects to global marine pollution from
ship operations
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6. Introduction to international measures
undertaken for prevention of marine
pollution from ship operations, namely
MARPOL 73/78 (Annexes I to VI)
7. Introduction to Ballast Water Management
and Anti Fouling Systems
8. Contents of Oil Record Book

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 Article 1(4) of UNCLOS defines
"pollution of the marine environment"
as:

 The introduction by man, directly or

indirectly, of substances or energy into the
marine environment, including estuaries.

 Which results or is likely to result in such

deleterious (deadly) effects so as to harm
marine life, hazards to human health and
hindrance to marine activities.
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 With recent IMO regulation for the prevention
of pollution of the sea, there has been a
marked difference in the release of pollutants
from the ships & offshore installations

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 Fisheries - Fishing is a source of lively hood for
millions if people. Fish is an important food for
both men and animals.
 Coastal Urban Development - The cities are
developed around sea port. The water transport
is essential for inter island travel. Minerals & oil
are essential for mankind.
 Coastal Tourism & Recreation - Activities
such as water sports (boating, yachting, etc.) &
beach sports attract lots of tourists. The sea
and beaches provide recreational amenities.

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Fishing Industry
 Surface runoff of pesticides can alter the
gender of fish species genetically,
transforming male into female fish.
 Ballast water discharges are believed to be
the leading source of invasive species in U.S.
marine waters. The economic cost just from
introduction of pest mollusks to U.S. aquatic
ecosystems is more than $6 billion per year.

Continue...

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 Coastal Urban Development
Industry
 As a result of higher mercury

levels, in March 2004, the US FDA

issued guidelines recommending
that pregnant women, nursing
mothers and children limit their
intake of tuna and other types of
predatory fish.

 Acute and chronic marine

pollution events have been shown
to impact southern California kelp
forests.
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Coastal Tourism & Recreation Industry
 Pollutants enter rivers and the sea directly from

urban sewerage and industrial waste

discharges, in the form of hazardous and toxic
wastes. Thus they make beaches and estuaries
unsuitable for tourism and recreational
purposes.
 Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic and

non dissolvable human rubbish, hinders

recreational activities, thus loss to tourism.

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Marine Ecosystems
 Marine ecosystems such
as coral reefs, provide
food and shelter to the
highest levels of marine
diversity in the world.

 They are very important

for the overall health of
both marine and
terrestrial environments.
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Global Warming
 Climate change is raising ocean
temperatures and raising levels of CO2 in
the atmosphere. These rising levels of
carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.

 This, in turn, is modifying fish distributions

& the livelihoods of the communities that
depend on them.
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Noise
 Marine life can be susceptible to noise or

sound pollution from sources such as

passing ships, oil exploration seismic
surveys, and naval low-frequency active
sonar.

 Sound travels more rapidly and over larger

distances in the sea than in the
atmosphere.

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Discharge from ships & offshore
operations:

 Oil from machinery spaces (bilges, overflows,

other leakage)
 Sewage (human waste)
 Garbage and any other waste
 Water contaminated with chemicals
 Ballast water with objectionable marine life or
contaminants
 Chemicals from paints on the ship’s hull

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 Oil from cargo compartments and cargo
handling (oil tankers)
 Liquid chemicals, tank washing or

accidental (chemical tankers)

 Dunnage (wood and other items used for

securing cargo in the cargo hold) and

other solid waste (dry cargo ships)
 Residual cargo from dry / bulk cargo

vessels

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Collection
 Depends upon what can be and cannot be

discarded overboard while enroute by

provision of distinctively marked garbage
receptacles at locations where garbage is
generated e.g. on deck, galley, engine room
Processing
 Use of compactors incinerators,

comminuters and other devices give

number of advantages in handling, storage
and disposal either at sea, or in a port
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Storage
 Space and arrangement deal with the

quantity of the garbage and the expected

period of storage before the garbage can be
discharged at sea, or incinerated, or landed
ashore
Disposal
 Garbage can be disposed off at sea in

compliance with the regulations. Otherwise,

alternative arrangements must be made for
collection, processing or storage till it can be
disposed off
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Suraksha Marine / Capt PS Mehta 31
 The International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) covers
prevention of pollution of the marine
environment by ships and offshore installations
from operational or accidental causes.
 It currently includes six technical Annexes.

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 Annex I – Prevention of Pollution by Oil
 Annex II – Prevention of Pollution by Noxious

Liquid Substances in Bulk

 Annex III – Prevention of Pollution by Harmful

Substances Carried by Sea in

Packaged Form
 Annex IV – Prevention of Pollution by Sewage
 Annex V – Prevention of Pollution by

Garbage
 Annex VI – Prevention of Air Pollution

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 A ship & offshore installation is
prohibited from:
◦ Discharging any oil or oil
mixture when in special
area
◦ Discharging oily water from
bilges when it is not moving
 A ship must have an approved

type of equipment (oil

separator and filtering) while
discharging oily mixture

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 Drainage and other wastes from any form of
toilets, urinals and WC scuppers
 Drainage from medical premises (dispensary,
sick bay, etc.) via wash basins, wash tubs
and scuppers located in such premises
 Drainage from spaces containing living
animals

 Holding Tank means a tank used for the

collection and stowage of sewage.

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 Garbage means all kinds of victual,
domestic and operational waste (Cargo
associated waste and residue, Maintenance
waste, Oily rags, Ash and clinker)
 Food waste means flesh, fish and left overs

generated during the normal operation of

the ship and liable to be disposed of
continuously or periodically
 Not normally considered as garbage – dish

water and gray water

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 All Ships Except Platforms
Outside Offshore
Garbage Type In Special
Special Platforms
Areas
Areas
Plastics Prohibited Prohibited Prohibited
Floating dunnage, etc. >25 miles Prohibited Prohibited

Paper, rags, crockery >12 miles Prohibited Prohibited

All other garbage >3 miles Prohibited Prohibited

(comminuted)
Food waste >12 miles >12 miles >12 miles
Food waste >3 miles >I2miles >12 miles
(comminuted)
Oily water < 15 ppm Enroute @ > 4 kts Prohibited Prohibited

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 Ballasting: It is a counter balancing process
to take in sea water once the cargo / oil has
been discharged.
 De-ballasting: It is a process to discharge

sea water before loading cargo / oil.

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 Ships take a huge amount of ballast water,
in the coastal waters in one region after
unloading cargo /oil and discharge at the
next port of call, wherever more cargo / oil
is loaded.
 Ballast water discharge typically contains a

variety of biological materials, including

plants, animals, viruses and bacteria.
 These materials often include non-native,

nuisance, exotic species that can cause

extensive ecological and economic damage
to aquatic ecosystems

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 Each ships should
exchange ballast water
mid-ocean.
 Each ship is required to
have Ballast Water
Management Plan, which is
ship specific.
 All ships will also have to
carry a Ballast Water
Record Book and an
International Ballast Water
Management Certificate.

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 Ballast Water Management (BWM) was
adopted by IMO on 13 February 2004.

 The Ballast Water Management Convention

aims to prevent the spread of harmful
aquatic organisms from one region to
another, by establishing standards and
procedures for the management and control
of ships' ballast water and sediments.

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 Anti-fouling paints are used to coat the
bottoms of ships to prevent sea life such as
barnacles, algae and mollusks attaching
themselves to the hull – thereby slowing down
the ship and increasing fuel consumption.

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 These paints slowly "leach" into the sea
water, killing barnacles and other marine
life that have attached to the ship.
 But these paints persist in the water, killing
sea life, harming the environment and
possibly entering the food chain.
 One of the most effective anti-fouling
paints, developed in the 1960s, contains the
organotin tributyltin (TBT), which has been
proven to cause deformations in oysters
and sex changes in whelks.
Continue...

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 International Convention on the Control of
Harmful Anti Fouling Systems (AFS) on ships
was adopted on 5 October 2001 and it came
into force on 17 September 2008.
 The Convention prohibits the use of harmful

organotins in anti-fouling paints used on

ships and establishes a mechanism to
prevent the potential future use of other
harmful substances in anti-fouling systems.

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 The Book has been designed so that it may
be used by all ships for making machinery
space entries and by tankers making
machinery space, cargo and ballast entries.

 These two categories of entries cannot be

recorded in the same Oil Record Book.

 A tanker must maintain two separate Oil

Record Books:

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 It is kept by the Chief Engineer.
 It shall be provided to every oil tanker of

150 gross tonnage and above.

 To every ship of 400 gross tonnage and

above, other than oil tankers, to record

relevant machinery space operations.
 It contains many references to oil quantity.

The limited accuracy of tank Measurement

devices, temperature variations and
clingage will affect the accuracy of these
readings.
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 In the event of
accidental or other
exceptional discharge of
oil, a statement shall be
made in the Oil Record
Book Part I of the
circumstances of, and
the reasons for, the
discharge.
 Any failure of the oil

filtering equipment shall

be noted in the Oil
Record Book Part I.

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 Itis kept by the
Cargo Officer.
 For oil tankers, Oil

Record Book Part II

shall also be
provided to record
relevant cargo /
ballast operations.

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 Follow instructions and guidelines for release
or treatment before releasing different kinds
of pollutants in the sea and air
 Maintain equipment to reduce production,
operational release and accidental release of
pollutants
 Use materials, which can be recycled or are
easily biodegradable
 Do maintain proper records of disposal of all
the materials and oils
Continue...

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 Devise different ways and means of
preventing pollution of the environment
 Report all accidental discharges

immediately
 Report your observations to appropriate

authorities if you notice oil slicks, or release

of pollution from other ships
 Carry out drills on board to deal with

various emergencies, which may lead to

pollution of the environment

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